Diffraction

Sea Walnut, Rippenqualle (German) Venus' girdle, warty comb jelly, these are just some of the names for the Comb Jelly. This animal is “any member of a common genus (Mnemiopsis) of gelatinous, planktonic marine invertebrates of the order Lobata (class Tentaculata, phylum Ctenophora).” (""sea Walnut"." Encyclopædia Britannica.) Because of its pronounced abundance in estuaries in the heavily populated parts of the US and its precarious population growth after the 1980s, the Mnemiopsis Leidyi or…

The first atomic model was introduced by an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist named John Dalton. John Dalton had reintroduced the idea of the atom that had once been a theory of a Greek scientist named Democritus. However, unlike Democritus, Dalton was able to prove the existence of atoms. Through many experiments, Dalton came up with a list of properties, that he thought, all atoms shared. Each element is composed of atoms Atoms are tiny, featureless spheres All atoms of same…

amorphous. Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces, diffract x-rays, and tend to have sharp melting points. In contrast, amorphous solids have irregular or curved surfaces, do not give well-resolved x-ray diffraction patterns, and melt over a wide range of temperatures. Crystalline solids, or crystals, have distinctive internal structures that in turn lead to distinctive flat surfaces, or faces. The faces intersect at angles that are…

Natural selection is the process by which individuals with characteristics that are advantageous to reproduction in a particular environment leave more offspring in the next generation, thereby increasing the proportion of their genes in the population gene pool over time. An example of modern natural selection that is frequently observed is the insecticide resistance in pest insects. Prior to the use of pesticides in the 1940s, crop insect populations only contained a limited amount of genetic…

Introduction Aspergillus is a saprophytic ubiquitous fungi genus, which includes more than 200 species. This genus have positive and negative impact to human being. Some species of Aspergillus have pharmaceutical applications, but at same time, this genus could be pathogen of respiratory diseases, and also it could synthesys potent carcinogens. The most pathogenic specie of Aspergillus for human is A. fumigatus, which causes a wide range of sickness, depending to the immunological system of…

And the annealing must be in Argon or Nitrogen gas atmosphere at 1 atm because the samples will be oxidized in air. XRD XRD is to determine the microstructure of the samples. The structure information can be determined by analyzing the peak of diffraction angle 2θ degree. X-ray diffractometers consist of three basic elements: an X-ray tube, a sample holder, and an X-ray detector. The different annealing time will cause different microstructure, and people can summarize the change rule of the…

tetrahedral in shape. On the other hand, the space group for β-FePO4 is P6422, with the lattice symmetry being hexagonal in shape. In this writing assignment, FePO4 is studied at varying temperature ranging from 294K to 1073K by neutron powder diffraction. At a relatively low temperature, it adopts the structure of the α-quartz. However, at high pressures, it changes and it can be observed that it becomes a denser octahedral structure due to a phase change occurring, which is also known…

temperature of the CuMnOx catalyst was increased above 300oC, the surface area was decreases and its analysis by BET measurement. The crystallinity was also increased as the increasing of the calcination temperature of the precursor, therefore the diffraction peaks at the XRD analysis was more crystalline phases produced by calcination at (200 - 400oC) temperature. The catalyst calcined at 300oC for 2hr showed the best catalytic activity for complete oxidation of CO at 120oC temperature. The…

The schematic diagram presented in Figure 1.1 illustrates the experimental rig used for the kinetic analysis of reactive flash volatilization (RFV) of acetol and guaiacol. The flow rates of oxygen and nitrogen gases were regulated using mass flow controllers (the type and serial number). Water, on the other hand, was delivered to an evaporator by a high-performance liquid chromatography pump (Agilent) at rates between 0.06 to 0.17 ml/min. The evaporator set at a temperature of 180C allowed to…

Multiferroic composite of 0.2 LNMFO + 0.8 BFO with LNMFO as ferrimagnetic and BFO as ferroelectric phase were prepared by the standard solid state reaction method. To prepare BFO stoichiometric amounts of high purity Bi2O3, and Fe2O3 were weighed and mixed thoroughly in acetone media for 5–6 h. The mixed powder of BFO was calcined at 800 °C in a closed alumina crucible for 4 h and then pre-sintered at 850°C for 4 h. High purity Li2CO3, NiO, MnCO3 and Fe2O3 were mixed in stoichiometric amounts to…