Carcinoma in situ

Cervical cancer is usually a squamous cell carcinoma caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection; less often, it is an adenocarcinoma ("Merck Manuals," 2013). It is asymptomatic in its early stage. The first symptom is usually irregular, often postcoital bleeding. Signs and symptoms of a more advanced cervical cancer usually include vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause; watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor; and pelvic pain…

number of somatic mutations, driver versus passenger events, and cellular proliferation as they acquire a cancerous phenotype, estimate that it takes an average of 11.7 years for initiating events that begin pancreatic carcinogenesis to develop into in situ cancer and a further 6.8 years for primary tumor to develop metastatic clones (19)(20). Once metastasis occurs patients succumb to the disease an average of 2.7 years later (21), and unfortunately the majority of pancreatic cancer patients…

There are some other rare types of skin cancer • Merkel cell carcinoma • Kaposi’s sarcoma • Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma of the skin • sarcoma Bowen’s disease: Bowen’s disease is sometimes called squamous cell carcinoma in-situ. It’s caused by the abnormal growth of cells in the outer layer of the skin. These cells don’t spread into the deeper layers of the skin. If left no treated, Bowen’s disease may develop into squamous cell carcinoma.(Edyta.S,2011) Causes and risk factors Sun exposure…

Elasticity imaging has emerged as complementary to ultrasonic imaging. The term encompasses a variety of techniques that can depict a mechanical response or property of tissues(91). In ultrasound, its idea is built on two important facts: (a) that significant differences between mechanical properties of several tissue components exist and (b) that the information contained in the coherent scattering, or speckle (speckle is the basis of the texture displayed in ultrasound images of solid tissues…

Research Article Review: Evaluation of a Patient Navigation Program For all patients, receiving a diagnosis of cancer is a life changing event. One that produces fear, shock, and a feeling of being totally overwhelmed. While trying to cope with all of these emotions, the patient must also make critical decisions about treatment options, along with navigating the healthcare system and advocating for themselves. Navigation programs were “introduced as an intervention to reduce patient…

Having deep curiosities towards biomedical fields, I have been interested in learning knowledge regarding medical-biology, such as reading scientific magazines, and discussing the new findings with students and professors. Other than obtaining pure information, I think the most essential part that every biomedical researcher should have is the ability to conduct experiments and researches dexterously. Thus, I’m interested in UTP at Loma Linda University because this program can not only…

ACHALASIA Achalasia refers to a rare disease of the muscle of the lower esophageal body and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that prevents relaxation of the sphincter and inability of the muscles to contract, or absence of peristalsis, of the esophagus. LES pressure and relaxation are regulated by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters however, patients with achalasia lack these nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory ganglion cells thus, causing imbalance between the excitatory and…

This is a disease that effects millions of individuals each year, causing their families to suffer as well. There are hundreds of forms of this sickness. It does not attack any specific gender, race, status, body type, age, etc. of person, therefore no one is safe from the illness. This very frightening and treacherous disease is known as cancer. I have chosen cancer for my final project due it hitting very close to home. I have lost many family members to this disease over my lifetime. Even…

Breast Cancer Breast cancer all begins in the cells, when cells are normal they will grow, divide, and die off when damaged. When the process goes wrong, new cells form that the body does not need which causes a buildup of old cells called a tumor. The tumors can either be benign which means they are not cancerous, or they can be malignant-cancer causing tumors. If the tumor is not found and treated immediately the breast cancer cells can travel through lymph vessels spreading the cancer to…

Discussion Elastography is a non-invasive imaging modality that detects tumors based on their stiffness (elasticity) compared to normal tissue. Generally breast cancer tissue is harder than normal breast tissue. With elastography the elastic properties of breast tissue can be imaged in real time by means of color-coded superimposition on the B mode image and then used for differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions (8). Elastography is a supplementary method for conventional US…