Axon

In MS, there is demyelination (loss of myelin sheaths) in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to scarring and/or plaque formation and ultimately resulting in the loss of axons. Autoreactive B and T cells attack myelin autoantigens and cause inflammation in white matter in the CNS (McCance & Huether, 2014). B cells produce autoantibodies, secrete inflammatory cytokines, activate complement, and activate T cells by presenting…

(2010) used AD brain mice models in order to examine the accumulation of synaptic mitochondria, the correlation of mitochondrial Aβ level and aging, and the effect of Aβ on mitochondrial distribution and trafficking along the axons. The methods used in this experiment were the isolation of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria of AD mice and non- AD mice at the age of 4 and 12 months. Researchers found out that Aβ levels were higher in AD mice models. Furthermore, the association…

mostly have a bipolar shape (in the form of a pseudo-bipolar nerve) as the only structural variations that lack an axon and dendrite with only a single branch extending from the cell body. Bipolar and multipolar neurons do not have the exact same qualities as above given that bipolar ones have two branches for neuronal processes extending from the neural cell body in addition to a single axon and dendrite, “[where it can be] found in the retina of our eyes. In fact, during embryonic development,…

brain growth can be attributed to what’s called proliferation of the communication pathways in the brain. The majority of the increased brain weight it attributed to a process called Myelination, which is the formation of White Matter that coats the axons in the brain and speeds up signals to the neurons (Berger, 2014). White matter is formed rapidly during childhood, primarily from birth through six years of age, however it continues forming throughout one’s life. It is an…

hippocampus display a great deal of plasticity. This plasticity is achieved through long-term potentiation (LTP). Long-term potentiation can cause the long-term strengthening of the synapses between two neurons that are activated simultaneously. The axons that make connections to the neurons of the hippocampus are exposed to a high-frequency stimulus, then the amplitude of the excitatory potential measured in these neurons is increased for a long period of time. Glutamate, the neurotransmitter,…

electrical signs. Their function is mainly to support function in order to define contacts and maintain signaling abilities in neurons. There are too many “glia” to count in our nervous system. These cell are much smaller than a neuron, and do not have axons or dendrites. The term “glia” (from the Greek word meaning “glue”) reflects the nineteenth-century presumption that these cells held the nervous system together in some way. This word has lived on through the years although it has never…

segment of the spinal cord is innervated by three primary motorneurons and they are known by their longitudinal position (Westerfield et al., 1986). The innervation of locomotor behaviour is also regulated by interneurons (Brustein et al., 2003). The axon of the interneurons will either ascend or descend along the spinal cord and as development progresses different types of interneurons such as commissural longitudinal ascending and ventral medial interneurons will arise (Hale et al., 2011). The…

I. Key Points • Evidence from animal studies supports a causal relationship between intravenous and inhaled anesthetic exposure and brain development, triggering increased apoptosis, with negative neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes. • All these negative events take place during a high vulnerability period on brain development known as “brain spurt”. • Normally, 70% of neurons will undergo apoptosis during brain development. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate receptor modulation…

first piece of evidence in support of the Neuron Doctrine, this would be stretching the truth. In reality, anatomists at the time were still debating whether neurons in the brain stood as exceptions to the Cell Doctrine. With their long, elaborate axons and dendrites, some anatomists proposed that neurons formed a continuous, interconnectedinter-connected reticulum. Other anatomists thought that the neurofibrils were not continuous with each other but merely contacted…

Facilitation (STF), (Barak., et al, 2007); each class has different phenomenological explanation. For instance, the first one, STD, is suggested to be caused by depletion of the consumed neurotransmitters during the process of synaptic signaling at the axon terminal of a pre-synaptic neuron, whereas the latter, STF, is explained to be induced by an influx of Ca++ into the axonal terminal of the neuron following spike generation, which increases the probability of neurotransmitter release.…