Arabidopsis

Reserve genetics is a tool used to identify the functionality of a known gene sequence or a gene family by genetic editing to generate the mutant phenotype. As it is done in a direction from gene to phenotype, which is opposite to ‘forward genetics’, hence named as reverse genetics. As the whole genome sequences are much more accessible nowadays with various genome sequencing technologies developed. This enables modifying a known gene, and to create a known mutation. The mutated gene might then…

The gaseous hormone ethylene is perceived by the ethylene receptors which reside at the endoplasmic reticulum membranes4. In the genetic model plant Arabidopsis, there are five ethylene receptors (ETR1, ERS1, ETR2, ERS2, and EIN4), that fall into two subfamilies depending on functional kinase activity, and a subset of the receptors contains a receiver domain which promotes interaction with CTR15, 6. Interestingly, the receiver domain of ethylene receptors has a remarkable structural similarity…

common for all Brassica, 27 (19.9%) were unique and 84 (61.7%) were phylogenetically informative. Flannery et al. (2006) assessed polymorphisms in Brassica, Arabidopsis, Camelina, Raphanus and Sinapis using 10 plastid SSR primer sets. Eight loci were polymorphic, and separated the individuals of Brassicaceae into taxon-specific groups (Arabidopsis, Camelina, Sinapis and Brassica genera). Louarn et al. (2007) also evaluated 59 Brassica oleracea cultivars for microsatellite polymorphisms. All SSR…

Professor Fowler The Mode of Inheritance in Nicotiana Tabacu seeds and Albinism Introduction In plants, the chloroplast is an essential organelle for a plant cell’s primary metabolism. Productions such as CO2 fixation, manufacture of carbon skeletons and fatty acids, and synthesis of amino acids from inorganic nitrogen that is important for a plant to live and thrive. (Liu, Li, & Cheng, 2016) In addition, the chloroplast is responsible for producing the color pigment in plants because…

B) as a liquid. C) covalently bound to sugars. D) coupled to ion transport. E) via endocytosis. Answer: B Topic: Concept 35.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 25) Plants contain meristems whose major function is to A) attract pollinators. B) absorb ions. C) photosynthesize. D) produce more cells. E) produce flowers. Answer: D Topic: Concept 35.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) A cell that is most likely to retain the ability to divide, perform metabolic functions, and…

Figure 1: Shows the gene expression changes found in Arabidopsis after the insertion of the IRX1, IRX3, and IRX5 mutants(Brown). 1A shows the principal component data collected from the targeted areas of the plant(Brown). 1B shows a comparison of gene expression of the base and tip of the stem and the change of level(Brown). 1C shows the slope of genes most likely to be related to IRX3(Brown). From Figure 1B, it is shown through analysis that there are several hundred genes that show an increase…

Edible vaccines Abstract Vaccines are widely used in the whole word. The death rate caused by the infectious organisms has been greatly reduced by the use of vaccines. However traditional vaccines have side-effects. Recently a newer approach to overcome the problems of the traditional vaccines has emerged. Edible vaccines can be better alternatives to the traditional vaccines as they can solve all the problems associated with traditional vaccines. For the production of edible vaccines gene of…

Between 2004-2014, carbon dioxide emissions increased at a shocking average rate of 2.5% annually.1 These carbon emissions come from a variety of sources such as homes, food production, and vehicle exhaust.2 The excess carbon in the atmosphere not only contributes to the greenhouse gas effect causing global temperatures to rise, but also has destructive effects on the environment such as extreme droughts, lowered biodiversity, and food source instability.3,4 In 2009, world leaders met in…

the number of genes contained within the genome or complexity of the organism. Order of magnitude is when more DNA than what is necessary to encode for proteins. The prokaryotic genome is much simpler than the complex genome of the eukaryote yet Arabidopsis thaliana has around forty times the amount of total base pairs than humans, but the same amount of protein encoding genes. Complex genomes found in the eukaryote contain introns in genes, regulatory mechanisms of genes, pseudogenes, multiple…

Based on the laboratory tests provided, it can be determined that the unknown organism can be identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). This organism is an opportunistic pathogen that can infect non-mammalian, plants, and humans. P. aeruginosa belongs to the bacterial family Pseudomonadaceae, and is a gram-negative rod that approximately measures 0.5 to 0.8 µm by 1.5 to 3.0 µm. It can normally be found in water and soil. Its single polar flagellum makes it motile, and it is known to…