Thalamus

occurrences (Graf and Schacter, 1985 in Anderson, 2015) and conveyed in typical tests of cued and free recall and recognition. Event memory loss after an injury is called anterograde amnesia which involves the extended hippocampal complex and the thalamus which helps form new memories (Salnaitis, 2015). Comparing memory for an amnesic and normal individuals in the Graf and Schacter (1985) experiment, results show that the normal subject’s 68 % recall is significantly higher than the 5% in the…

an imbalance of two of these neurotransmitters would he or she still have major depression? Part III: Same The final section will be about the locations in the brain that are most commonly associated with major depression: amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, ventral tegmental area, and (left) prefrontal cortex. It will explain why these specific places are most commonly hit with depression what symptoms they cause. There will be a little overview of the function of each location and how damage can…

The Pedunculopontine nucleus (Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is considered one of the key elements of the reticular activating system (RAS)[1]. It is located in the mesencephalic tegmentum just caudal to the red nucleus and dorsal to the substantia nigra; Laterally it is surrounded by the medial lemniscus and medially by fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle[2]. PPTN has a cluster of cells that exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of their neurochemical nature, their discharge…

2013). The transmission of the signal results in elevated release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus neurons which project to the thalamus. This in turn relays the nociceptive signal to the somatosensory cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus[4, 5]. Parts of the brain shown to be involved in decoding the pain stimulus to cause perception include the thalamus, sensory cortex, reticular formation and hypothalamus. The somatosensory cortex identifies the location and intensity of the pain.…

cortex is associated with generation of a motor program. Premotor areas are involved in complicated motor functions, such as required changes in output forces or velocities, or motor response to visual or auditory input. Also, the basal ganglia and thalamus are important coordinating centers for goal­directed motor programs and patterns. The cerebellum allows for unimpeded movements of those motor programs. Motor programs are continuously adjusted throughout an action, made possible by constant…

The nervous system makes it possible for animals to know and react to the environment around them. A change or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue is a stimulus. There can either be an internal or an external stimulus. Internal stimulus being something like hunger or pain, while external is more along the lines of a sound or an odor. The nervous system interprets stimuli and orders other organ systems to respond. The nervous system does so through using sensory…

Last there is the brain. The brain is the control focal point of the human body. The human brain stores data, corresponding that data with other data to offer the body some assistance with making selections and to have the body put the decisions into actions. The brain and spinal cord are created from the neural tube. The neural tube then extends causing the tube to then makes three locales called the primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon. The…

the song, which involves a mechanism between the autonomic nervous system and the respiratory system, called sympatho-respiratory coupling (Watanabe et al. 2015). This utilizes neural links with auditory information being received by the auditory thalamus, which acts as a relaying center of all sensory information to the rest of the brain, and the auditory cortex, which picks up information from the…

activity and prefrontal cortical dysfunctions (Fusar-Poli, 2009). Other abnormalities include white matter in the right superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, adjacent to the right caudate head, right thalamus, left insula, left the lentiform nucleus, left fusiform gyrus, and bilateral claustrum (Antonius, 2011). These brain abnormalities are astonishing and nevertheless, need to be acknowledged and understood for the purpose…

and involves the noxious stimulus to be processed only by the spinal cord, resulting in a fast reflex action by the body. The second pathway is known as the spinothalamic pathway where the noxious stimulus is transmitted from the spinal cord to the thalamus and finally to the somatosensory cortex in the brain. As it involves the brain this the pathway involved with pain perception.…