Sphincter

bolus down. The trigger of pharyngeal swallowing causes the cricopharyngeal sphincter to open and the tongue base delivers the bolus to the pharynx. In addition, the superior, medial and inferior constrictors reduce the diameter of the pharynx. The spaces formed by adjacent structures include valleculae, lateral channels, and pyriform sinuses. This phase ends when the bolus passes through the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) completely. The UES is comprised of thyropharyngeus and…

Introduction The gastrointestinal tract (GI) comprises of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and the anus. Also, digestion process start from the mouth; the ingestion of food stimulate the salivary secretion (mouth), the food is chewed before its passage through the esophagus down to the stomach where mechanical and chemical digestion takes place. Pepsinogen from the chief cells helps with the digestion of protein, amylase from the saliva and…

Normal pathophysiology of gastric acid stimulation and production. Normally the stomach holds around 50cc of fluid. There are several stimuli that work together in the complex process of the digestion process (Huether & McCance, 2012). There are three phases of gastric secretion, first being the cephalic phase, which is stimulated by the thoughts , smells and taste of food. Stimulation releases acetylcholine and the release of gastrin-releasing peptide, thus indirectly stimulates hydrogen ions.…

HEARTBURN – WHAT DOES IT MEAN? Heartburn does not literally mean a burning heart. It is a painful, awkward and an uncomfortable symptom that occurs when the acid in the stomach goes to the esophagus near the chest. Heartburn is the consequence of either excessive or poor quality food intake, which then causes the rising of acids to the esophagus. It is a typical occurrence even the healthiest people may experience this condition. SYMPTOMS The general symptom of heartburn is a burning feeling in…

peristalsis may not carry the bolus through the esophagus in an efficient and complete manner, causing discomfort or pain in the chest and leaving residue on the esophageal walls that may result in infection. In some patients, the lower esophageal sphincter does not sufficiently relax to allow the food in the esophagus to flow into the stomach, resulting in achalasia. Gastroenterologists are the medical professionals who treat esophageal…

prevent choking. The trachea is the air conducting tube that connects to the lungs in order to breathe. The bolus of food is involuntarily pushed through the esophagus into the stomach by peristaltic contractions made by the muscles. The esophageal sphincter located between the esophagus and stomach acts as a regulator for what flows into the…

down or bending over.” The heartburn that the patient is experiencing is associated with the regurgitation of gastric acid into his mouth. The regurgitation endured by the patient is a result of the compromised function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The compromised LES not only allows the reflux of gastric juice/acid to enter the esophagus but also leads it into the patients’ mouth. Diagnoses The most likely diagnosis for this…

throat to the stomach. While in the esophagus the food goes through a series of contractions called peristalsis, after which the esophagus leads the food to the stomach. In the stomach there is a "zone of high pressure" called the lower esophageal sphincter this is a "Valve" meant to keep food from traveling backwards…

Fetal Pig External Features Structure Location Colour Texture Function Image Anus Just under the tail and after the rectum Same colour as skin (light pink) Valve-like and scrunched up; feels and looks like a sphincter Valve-like muscle at lower end of rectum. The opening through which feces pass out of body Scrotal Sac In males, it is located just under the anus and bulges out from the skin Same colour as skin (light pink) Feels muscular/like skin Contains the testes Urogenital Opening…

1. I diagnosis Eleanor with pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) based on her history and examination. Pelvic floor dysfunction is the inability to control the pelvic floor muscles and failure to function properly is due to old age, obesity, pregnancy, menopause, and a vaginal delivery (Bartling, 2016). Its symptoms include urinary problems, constipation, a heavy feeling or bulge in the pelvis, and pain. Eleanor presents a majority of the risks factors and symptoms. She is more likely to have PFD…