Sphincter

esophageal sphincter, without associated belching or vomiting. The reflux of gastric contents causes acute epigastric pain, usually after a meal. Common causes are: food, alcohol, or cigarettes, hiatal hernia, increased abdominal pressure (such as with obesity or pregnancy), medications, nasogastric intubation for more than four days, and a weakened esophageal sphincter. Typically, the LES maintains enough pressure around the lower end of the esophagus to close it and prevent reflux. The…

There is an acidic fluid that passes from the stomach through the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food called Chyme. This acidic, Chyme reaches the lower GI tract through the pyloric sphincter of the stomach. Chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter and enters the duodenum. The duodenum is apart of the small intestine and is located inferior to the right of the stomach. Absorptions of nutrients also takes place in the walls of the duodenum. The jejunum is…

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a disease that affects the Digestive system in the body. “A sphincter at the inferior end of the esophagus called the gastroesophageal sphincter prevents the contents of the stomach from regurgitating into the esophagus” (Amerman pg.557). The normal homeostasis of the esophagus is when food is swallowed, the lower esophageal sphincter which is a circular band of muscle around the bottom part of the esophagus it relaxes to allow food and liquid to flow…

There have been reports of a cystic duct remnant causing symptoms even after the duct calculi had been removed7-9. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction has been implicated in the aetiology of PCS. Such dysfunction can result from a true stenosis or secondary to spasm of the sphincter. In the majority of cases, the dysfunction continues to present problems both in terms of diagnosis as well as treatment. Although muscle spasm is thought to play a significant…

the people with very mild acid reflux. These changes can include eating smaller meals to reduce pressure in the stomach, avoiding acidic and spicy foods, and avoiding beverages that will increase the pressure in the stomach or relax the esophageal sphincter. In addition, no high-fat meals two to three hours before going to bed, and elevating the head six to eight inches with a foam wedge or blocks while sleeping. b) The second method is medication. This is used when lifestyle changes do not work…

esophageal sphincter (LES) that prevents relaxation of the sphincter and inability of the muscles to contract, or absence of peristalsis, of the esophagus. LES pressure and relaxation are regulated by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters however, patients with achalasia lack these nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory ganglion cells thus, causing imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory processes of neurotransmitters resulting to a hypertensive nonrelaxed esophageal sphincter.…

In Zhen-Sheng Zhang, and coligue study;Pressure Makes Pleasure(39) ; in addition to achieving a uniform hydrostatic pressure to open up the external sphincter, they also asked patients to take a deep breath and comforted them by talking to reduce their pain when the scope was going to pass through the external urinary sphincter the and patient’s position during the procedure was dorsal lithotomy. The mean pain score on VAS was 2.95, 2.48, and 1.66 in group 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Compared to…

pelvic floor muscles and the two butt-centric sphincters (inward and outer). The covering of the upper butt is particular to recognize rectal substance. It tells you whether the substance are fluid, gas, or strong. The butt is encompassed by sphincter muscles that are critical in permitting control of stool. The pelvic floor muscle makes an edge between the rectum and the rear-end that prevents stool from turning out when it shouldn't. The inward sphincter is constantly tight, with the exception…

which is why it's called gastroesophageal reflux. GERD is located at the end of the esophagus where it becomes inflamed. The inflammation occurs when acid in the stomach flows backwards causing irritation in the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter also known as LES is affected by this disease. The LES is a ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. In normal digestion…

cancers invade the sphincter that controls defecation, surgery to remove such a cancer would require removal of the sphincter and creation of a colostomy. Therefore, surgery is generally avoided in favor of treatment that will keep the anal sphincter intact. An exception would be very early cancers of the anal margin, on the skin outside the anus. Concurrent chemoRT is the standard treatment for the majority of patients with anal cancer, to obtain the best chance of cure with sphincter…