Signal transduction

Antibiotic resistance allows harmful microbes to exist thereby posing a major threat to many species. These microbes reject the antibiotics used to treat them; this leads to more bacterial infections, increased monetary funds to treat the infections, dangerous side effects from the use of several different antibiotics, and increased morbidity and mortality (“Impacts of Antibiotic Resistance”, 2014). The healthcare system’s approach to this widespread, global issue may be extremely expensive in…

APX2 as a Scavenging Mechanism for Superoxides in Chloroplast Mohammed Shilleh, Michael Stefano, Jacqueline Watkins, Kelsey Wyman Chin BSC4936 University of Florida APX2 as a Scavenging Mechanism for Superoxides in Chloroplast Introduction and Background Stress can be defined as a disruption of homeostasis. Chloroplasts are especially sensitive to stress and have many levels of defense against it. These defense mechanisms include adjustment of antenna size, thermal dissipation, photochemistry…

Introduction Adiponectin Adiponectin is mainly produced in fat tissue but other studies have shown it to be expressed in mRNA and protein levels in different tissues like osteoblasts in humans and murine (Berner et al., 2004), parenchymal cells in the liver (Yoda-Murakami et al., 2001; Jonsson et al., 2005; Kaser et al., 2005), myocytes (Delaigle et al., 2004), epithelial cells (Shimada et al., 2004; Patel et al., 2008), and placental tissue (Caminos et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2006). Adipose…

1.1 Background The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (1). A chronic autoimmune disease due to pancreatic dysfunctions leading to a decrease of insulin production. According to AACE Diabetes resource Centre T1DM is described as an autoimmune disorder that exhibits a catabolic function leading to a decrease in the plasma concentration of insulin and a compensatory elevated plasma glucagon and beta cell death that…

For example, cytomegalovirus, EBV, and Varicella-Zoster virus inhibit IFN-γ-induced MHC class II expression. In addition, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus avoid the immune responses by encoding proteins which interfere with interferon signal transduction and subsequent gene transactivation…

mitochondrial function. The McNeill lab is hoping to find how Fat regulates the growth rate and full grown size of organs. Fat also controls a high-level form of tissue patterning, called planar polarity. The McNeill lab is trying to understand the signal transduction pathway by which this large adhesion molecule regulates tissue organization. They also want to understand if the control of growth and patterning by Fat are linked. They have conducted molecular and genetic screens for…

Regulation, EC Coupling, and Second Messenger System involvement with Bronchial Smooth Muscle Contraction and Relaxation Abstract Smooth muscles in human airways have multiple pathways for excitation and contraction. Both electrical and chemical signals regulate bronchial smooth muscle excitation. Bronchial smooth muscle is innervated by parasympathetic cholinergic nerves for contractile forces and by parasympathetic noncholinergic nerves for relaxant forces. Specifically, cholinergic nerves…

between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. 3. The Hydrophilic hormones are mostly amino acid-based peptides and proteins. They are soluble in water but not in lipids. They are unable to cross the cell membrane and require a transduction system to send signals across the cell membrane. Hydrophobic hormones are made up of mostly steroids and therefore are soluble in lipids, but not in water. They can also cross the cell membrane unlike hydrophilic…

Do you have Fatigue, Polyuria, Polydipsia, weight gain or weight loss, blurred vision, and recurrent skin infections? If you do, then you may want to see your doctor because these are a few symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. If diagnosed with this disease, a couple of questions that you may have are: “What causes type 2 Diabetes?” and “What are researchers doing to find a cure?” The initial question concerning this disease is what causes type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin…

There are many types of artificial sweeteners on the market found in numerous low calorie foods or diet drinks. Unlike sugar, these artificial sweeteners have no actual caloric value, and don't affect blood glucose levels as much for diabetics as regular sugar would. Artificial sweeteners are man-made, sometimes derived from sugars occurring naturally in nature. Splenda, a commonly used brand, is made of the artificial sugar sucralose while equal is made of the artificial sugar aspartame. These…