Signal transduction

reductase and up-regulated the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-2, which can modulates the cholesterol levels in plasma and tissues (Reena et al, 2011). The role of phytonutrients in correcting by abnormal pro-inflammatory signal transmissions mediated by NF-κB is documented. ROS activate NF-κB, which leads to the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible enzymes, such as COX-2 and iNOS in macrophages. The pro-inflammatory cytokines cause oxidative…

2014). Endocannabinoids stimulate the periaqueductal grey matter through which ascending nociceptive signals are relayed, known to cause an analgesic effect (Behbehani 1995). Many regions of the central nervous system(CNS) involve endogenous CB regulation. CBs formed at the post-synaptic phospholipid membrane bind to receptors on the pre-synaptic membrane, disrupting intracellular signal transduction pathways and decreasing rate of calcium ion influx (Chan 2011). This subsequently decreases…

Drug resistance against conventional therapies of cancers is an unfavorable phenomenon which reported by numerous authors (20-22). So, to overcome drug resistance in different cancers researchers have turned to use new tumor therapy approaches based on creating change in kinetic of immune modulators (15, 23, 24). In this regard, SEB is a potent superantigen which can deteriorate tumor cells through growth inhibition and apoptosis inducing. Furthermore, SEB plays critical roles against different…

or white blood cell lineage (Xie et al., 1998). HL-60 cells are invaluable as they are easy to maintain, differentiate and can be used to investigate cell development, or gene expression. HL-60 cells can be used to induce differentiation via signal transduction into monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes using various chemical agents (Cirtain et al., 2016). HL-60 cells are also used to test differentiation by viewing the cell morphology and apoptosis. After differentiation, HL-60 cells are no…

5000 viruses have been identified. Hence, the study of viruses is known as virology, which is a subset of microbiology. Examples of a virus known as the bacteriophage, which harm bacteria, when used properly, help humans. Viruses when gone through transduction, specific genes can be…

Sudden infant death syndrome is when an infant, under the age of one, dies during the night from an unexplained cause. It is rare for SIDS to occur within the first month, chances are higher around 2-4 months of age. There are no signs of infant distress in most cases and many mothers have stated that the infant feeds right before being laid down. It is only diagnosed after reviewing the infants’ clinical history and a complete autopsy examination is done excluding all other causes of death.…

C. APPROACH: C.1. Experimental rigor: We will apply our established in vitro and in vivo analyses to the studies proposed in both aims (31, 41, 42). Our preliminary data demonstrated the vigorous infection in both Heterozygotes (Foxn1nu/+) and homozygotes (Foxn1nu/nu) NU/J mice at mucosal sites. To minimize the possible variations in the animals, we will use siblings of these two inbred mouse strains. For the experiments proposed in both specific aims, we will use fifteen animals in each group…

instance, “The phytochemicals interfere with several cellular processes involved in the progression of cancer. These mechanisms include inhibiting cell proliferation, inhibition of DNA adduct formation, inhibiting phase 1 enzymes, inhibiting signal transduction pathways and oncogene expression, inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, inducing phase 2 enzymes, blocking the activation of nuclear factor-κB, and inhibiting angiogenesis”. The third disease is cardiovascular disease. For example,…

“Nociceptive pain sensation may be visceral or somatic and is designed to provide a signal that tissue damage or inflammation is occurring somewhere in the body,” (Tabloski, 2010, pg. 264). This type of pain is typically associated with the skin, muscles, bones, joints, or other connective tissue damage. In the elderly, nociceptive pain…

Extra Virgin Olive Oil Impairs UV-Induced Cell Damage in Cancer-Prone Mice INTRODUCTION Ultraviolet radiation produces various wavelengths that are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The four different UV wavelengths are classified as UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA produces the longest wavelength at 320-400nm, UVB produces wavelengths from 290-320nm, and UVC wavelengths are the shortest wavelength that is completely absorbed by the ozone layer. However, it is known that…