Signal transduction

protein from seeds of castor plants. Subunit A depurinates adenine in cells Mutants → The process of a gene or chromosome being altered Apoptosis → cell suicide Cell signaling → oversees cellular activities and directs cell actions Signal transduction → Process where a signal from outside of the cell changes something within the cell Ribosome depurination → In N-glycosidic link leading to the loss of a purine base while leaving the DNA backbone unharmed…

very small, which allows the construction of dense sensor arrays. In general, capacitive tactile sensors exhibit a good frequency response, good sensitivity, high spatial resolution, and have a large dynamic range. Major drawbacks for this mode of transduction are stray capacity, severe hysteresis, and susceptibility to noise, especially in a mesh configurations because of crosstalk noise, field interactions and fringing capacitance. Relatively complex electronics are required to filter out this…

oncology problem. A reliable biomarker for invasion and metastasis in oral cancer patients remains to be more clarified. β-catenin acts as a structural protein at cell-cell adherence junctions and as a transcription activator mediating Wnt signal transduction. Altered β-catenin expression has been associated with loss of cell differentiation and acquisition of an invasive phenotype. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is an abundant neuronal deubiquitinating enzyme that has also…

they link the inner and outer retina. The bipolar cells contact photoreceptors and transmit the signals to the inner plexiform layer of the retina. The inner plexiform layer is where the axon terminals of different bipolar cells arrange into one specific inner plexiform layer and give synaptic signals to amacrine and retinal ganglion cells. Retinal ganglion cells are neurons that conduct output signals while the amacrine cells presynaptic side inhibit the terminals of bipolar ells and the…

DNA gives cells the potential for specific behavior, but this potential will only be realized if the gene is expressed. A gene is expressed if the DNA is transcribed into RNA and then converted into a protein. These proteins can have many different effects on the cell, such as metabolism or neurotransmission. We are now able to tell which specific genes are expressed at a particular time. Gene expression is uncommon, however, with no transcription and only the potential for a behavior as a…

Nociception After the initial insult, peripheral nociceptors are activated by transduction through thin myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated C-fibers to the dorsal root group and into the posterior horn of the spinal cord. The axon bifurcates into two branches with one branch continuing to the CNS, the other innervating peripheral tissues. Action potentials are generated and the nociceptive signals initiate excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P, neuromodulators including…

(VMAT2), for up to seven days. Sigma-1 receptors are located in-side the presynaptic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which regulates calcium ion flow lead-ing to change of gradients in sodium and po-tassium channels with its binding. This caus-es a signal transduction by depolarizing and hyperpolarization triggering an action poten-tial to move through the synapse, open-ing/closing, excitatory/inhibitory, leading to binding on voltage gated receptors, like G-proteins, second messengers and membrane…

resulting picture created by the brain. The complete picture that humans experience is made up by both the senses and brain but are not experienced directly. Instead, the stimuli created by the senses are translated into electrical impulses, called transduction, that then move to the brain…

The enrichment of Role of Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC) in regulating apoptosis signal transduction pathway was an important finding that indicated the role of Dapk1 in colorectal carcinoma through regulation of ligand-independent caspase activation (Forcet, et al., 2001). The pathways related to Notch signaling were the next significantly…

molecules. The associations between biologically relevant molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids play a key role in signal transduction. Thus, the relative alignment of the two interacting proteins can affect the type of signal produced. Therefore, docking is used for predicting (assuming) both the strength and the type of signal produced. Molecular docking is one of the most frequently used methods in structure-based…