Roswell, New Mexico

As a child, Gary Soto imagined that he would “marry Mexican poor, work Mexican hours, and in the end die a Mexican death, broke and in despair” (Soto, “Living Up The Street” 184). Although this may seem surprising coming from the renowned modern Chicano poet of “Saturday at the Canal”, it was the inevitable fate of many in his childhood community. Soto grew up in Fresno, California at the heart of San Joaquin Valley’s agricultural industry in the mid-20th century, where everyone in his family…

1. FOR WHAT AUDIENCE WAS THE DOCUMENT WRITTEN? a.The audience that it was written for were for Chicanos. Chicanos advocated nationalism and sovereignty for Mexican Americans. It was also to show awareness of the mistreatment that Mexican-Americans have had to endure from the “gringo” since being invaded by Europeans. “El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán,” brought a spirit to the Mexican-Americans to show a movement and unit as a race. 2. DOCUMENT INFORMATION (There are many possible ways to…

The Navajo are a Native American people who live and lived in the southwestern United States. The Navajo, generally speaking, reside mainly in the four corners area where the states of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico meet. The Navajo have a rich cultural history and cosmology which has been passed down through generations. This history informs the connection between the people and the natural, spiritual world. Most Native people have an origin story which explains how the world came to…

For my family vacation when I was 14 my family and I went to Ruidoso, New Mexico to go snow skiing. My Mom, Dad, Brother, and I went the year before, so we decided to invite my aunt or uncles for our second trip.It took us around 10 hours to get there with all the traffic. Since it was going to be such a long drive, we left at midnight. So that we could drive through the night to make the drive seem shorter. We ended up getting there at like 8 or 9 the next morning. All we wanted to do was hit…

different characteristics, such as home country, language, education, and traditions, work, among others. As part of a cultural group in the United States, the American Indians are the indigenous peoples of the Americas. According to Funk and Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia (2014), the name Indian is supposedly first given by Christopher Columbus who thought that the mainlands were part of the Indies, in Asia (p. 1). During the first contact between the Americas and Europe, there have been said…

14th and 15th centuries. Adding to the frustration is the fact that the Apache did not write down their history, instead it was passed down through oral tails. (Herr, 2013) However, we do know that the Apache roamed the Southwestern United States and Mexico, because archaeologists have discovered sites that belonged to the 14th and 15th century Apache called Platform Cave Caches. These were places that the Apaches hid their supplies and other important objects, as well as conducted ceremonies…

Many changes have occurred regarding education, altering what is taught, how material is taught, and what material is no longer available to be taught. The removal of course material that is offered to students is not uncommon in educational institutions, however, the material removed is that with usually very little educational or cultural significance. Seeing as Mexican-American Ethnic studies was not drawing enough student interest, some schools had begun to drop Mexican-American ethnic…

the Cheyenne and Arapaho began camping on the Arkansas River and new warfare broke out. In the south of the Kiowa and Comanche were Caddoan speakers, but the Kiowa and Comanche were friendly toward these bands. The Comanche was at war with the Apache of the Rio Grande region. They warred with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, Pawnee, Sac & Fox and Osages. They traded with the Wichita south along Red River and with Mescalero Apache and New Mexicans to the southwest. After 1840, the Kiowa with their…

Regarding physical violence, throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, news of the murder of Mexicans was increasingly common. In Corpus Christi, Texas, an 1886 New York Times article described how the town’s citizens raided the constable’s house (prison) in order to seize and execute two Mexican-Americans accused of stealing horses. In Santa Ana, California, a mob…

languages. While looking at the causes of why the language may have disappeared a look back in history shows Navajo lands were initially colonized by the Spanish in the early nineteenth century. This area was taken as part of the Spanish colony of Mexico. Shortly after the Mexican American war took place, the United States acquired these territories in 1848. As a result, when the English speaking settlers moved they allowed Navajo children to attend their schools. In efforts to assimilate the…