RNA splicing

to regulate gene expression by interfering with transcription of genes. For example, it was found that the combination of DNA methylation and histone modifications determine the phenotype of a bee (Foret et.al 2012). Methylation allows alternative splicing of genes (to be further discussed) because the methyl- group is able to select which exons will be used in the final transcription of genes. When methylation is inhibited, it increases the time DNA polymerase II has to elongate and it keeps…

A. Eukaryotic cells store their genetic information in chromosomes made of DNA. This DNA is copied during interphase of the cell cycle. Replication is semiconservative, meaning one strand of the replicated DNA would be from the original molecule and one would be new. The parental strands serve as templates for the new strands. Replication can begin when helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds responsible for holding the two complementary strands together, ultimately causing the molecule to unwind…

Recently, the scientific world had witnessed a revolution in genetics - CRISPR. Also known as the “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,” CRISPR (pronounced “crisper”) in used in the process of splicing parts of the human genome in order to check and correct genetic errors and defects. As stated by Jennifer Doudna, a chemistry and molecular and cell biology professor at the University of California, Berkeley, “It is enabling the sorts of genetic modifications that in the…

1.1 The structure of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is often referred to as “the molecule of life”. It encodes the instructions that are used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The molecule itself was first discovered in 1860 by Friedrich Miescher (reviewed in Dahm 2005). Further work was performed by other chemists, including Phoebus Levene who identified the components of the molecule, including the presence of ribose sugars and phosphate groups, as well as four…

as X-linked, autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive. Many genes had been involved with this disease. In this research work we focus on autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and the splicing factor PRPF31. Degeneration of photorreceptors appear to be related with mutations in pre-mRNA splicing gene and splicing process. In this research…

repeat expression in noncoding regions and similar RNA transcript defects. Both type one and type two myotonic dystrophy covey similar symptoms such as severe muscle weakness, early cataract development and myotonia[3] Type one myotonic muscular dystrophy is caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in noncoding 3’UTR of DMPK and other alterations in the DM1 locus [4]. Do to this defect, a trinucleotide repeat expansion will produce a defective RNA transcript thus translating protein that are…

Q1. Explain segmental trans-splicing (STS) and mention a long gene 8 kb or more, this strategy could be used for. A1. Segmental trans-splicing concept is similar to that of trans-splicing, where exons of two different gene fragments are joined together. However, in STS it can be used to target gene sequences that are too large for a viral vector genetic capacity; for example the von Willbrand factor gene (8.6 kb) or the muscular dystrophy gene (11.0 kb). In STS a 5’exon of the gene is delivered…

Gas Exchange + Transport Pulmonary circulation: circulation from heart to lungs Systemic circulation: circulation from lungs to organs Gas exchange is the movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and the movement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs. This exchange occurs in the capillaries, which are microscopic vessels in the lungs. In humans, nutrients and oxygen are transferred through the bloodstream. Cells can’t rely solely on diffusion, so this transport system is important…

Information encoded in the DNA inside of nucleus of living cell must go though many stages: DNA~RNA~Protein with various other steps before the final product. A copy of the DNA facilitates information in genes to become available for protein synthesis. Pre-mRNA is the first sequence and then messenger-RNA is the final step before protein. Different parts of the sequence is removed through a process called splicing. Some parts of the Pre-mRNA called are introns are removed, and different pieces…

Epidemiology, and End Results Program (seer.cancer.gov) Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (https://www.lls.org) Adamia S., Bar-Natan M., et al. NOTCH2 and FLT3 gene mis-splicings are common events in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): new potential targets in AML. Blood 123(18), 2816-25(2014). PMID 24574459 When observing splicing of RNA in cells of AML patients, scientists observed abnormal spliced genes of NOTCH2 and FLT3. These genes hold the blueprint for myeloid cell surface proteins.…