Receptor antagonist

death in the United States (Reid, 2014). This disease is a public health problem that is not only preventable but treatable. It is important to know about the illness, symptoms, standard inhaled medication and explore a newer long-acting muscarinic antagonist bronchodilator as Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines recommend. COPD is chronic inflammation of the airways that cause changes and destruction leading to the obstruction of airflow. The deterioration…

Typically, drugs used for the treatment of psychological disorders take one of two methods of action, i.e., agonist or antagonist. Agonist drugs are those that copy the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters by facilitating postsynaptic activity. Within the agonist categorization there are two subtypes. First is direct-binding agonist, which binds directly to…

Likewise, the administration of a NE precursor, and noradrenergic receptor antagonists and agonists will achieve the same effect. Restored noradrenergic function will facilitate functional improvements in the DA system. Therefore, results from the current study will likely provide new insights into the correlation between these…

Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the causes of depression. One of them being the so-called zinc dyshomeostasis hypothesis. Both clinical and preclinical studies show unequivocally that dietary zinc deficiency is a risk factor for depression. The increasing numbers of clinical reports in this area clearly indicate that reduced serum zinc level may be a marker of depressive disorders. Zinc supplementation has also been shown to positively reverse the symptoms of depression. The…

mechanism which quetiapine acts on iontropic glutamate receptors in comparison to haloperidol a convention antipsychotic and clozapine which is also an atypical antipsychotic show significant differences in their effects on NMDA, glutamatergic, and AMPA receptors elucidating possible explanations for the absence of EPS in atypical antipsychotic symptoms. In an analysis observing the possible gene expression modulation in NMDA and AMPA receptors suggests that each antipsychotic has a different…

excitotoxicity occurs when receptors for glutamate such as the NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor are overactivated…

builds up and 5-HT1A receptors are downregulated. The presynaptic neuron then becomes disinhibited to release more serotonin. First generation antipsychotics or typical antipsychotics are D2 antagonists. They lower neurotransmission in the four dopamine pathways. Typical antipsychotics have a high affinity for D2 receptors or dopamine receptors. Second generation antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics are serotonin-dopamine antagonists. They do so by blocking serotonin receptors. This…

- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE SEVERE TOXICITY (MDX): Patients who present more than 36 hours (“late”) after acute acetaminophen ingestion may have significant liver injury and even liver failure (INR greater than 1.5, acidosis or encephalopathy). Intubate patients with altered mental status and resuscitate hypotensive patients with crystalloid and adrenergic vasopressors. Treat coagulopathic patients who are bleeding with fresh frozen plasma. Patients with renal failure may require renal replacement…

Dexmedetomidine versus Granisetron for the management of post spinal shivering Abstract Background: Shivering is one of the most stressful complications for patient and surgeon during spinal anesthesia. In this prospective, randomized, double blinded study we compared the efficacy of Dexmedetomidine versus Granisetron for control of post spinal shivering. Methods: study was conducted on 120 patients, ASA I-III, of either sex, aged 18–60 years, scheduled for elective lower abdominal and lower…

(ATP’s chemical backbone) Neurons in the brain have receptors perfectly tailored to this molecule When adenosine docks to these receptors it activated a cascade of biochemical reactions that cause neurons to fire more sluggish and slow the release of important brain signalling molecules ( you get sleepy) Caffeine is what you can call an adenosine receptor antagonist (it derais the process of slowing the neurons down by blocking adenosine receptors Caffeine and adenosine have a similar…