Receptor antagonist

This essay will provide a focus on the concept of structure in relation to function in biology. The example taken into consideration for the essay is the reintroduction of Gray wolves (Canis lupus), hence predators, into Yellowstone National Park to restore the ecosystem health. Many are the ecological interpretations of wolves’ function when it comes to the Northern Rockies ecosystem as research and scientists have been documenting their overall impact for the last few decades. Firstly, a…

2008). Since then, oils have been used in the UK and Europe for treatment but still has not debuted in the United States as a prescribed form of treatment (Butje, Repede, 2008). Essential oils act on the olfactory system; stimulating olfactory receptors in the nasal epithelium. Stimulation of the olfactory system is shown to immediately lower blood pressure, muscle tension, pupil size, brain activity and sleep (Barcan, 2014) The stimulation from there is then processed to the limbic system and…

concentrations of antagonist were showed on Figure 1. The log concentration-response curve has a characteristic sigmoidal shape. The addition of higher concentration of antagonist into the organ bath made the curves gradually shift to the right in a nearly parallel manner (Fig 1). The higher concentration of Atropine, the more its curve moved to the right of the graph. However, these effects of antagonist did not change the maximum response level. Carbachol binds and activates muscarinic…

To understand the effects of agonists and competitive antagonists the receptors involved must be identified first. There are 2 major groups of receptors present in rat ileum, the first being 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors and the second, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) – and of these two groups there are certain subtypes in the ileum contributing to its tone, motility, secretion and blood flow. The 5-HT receptor subtypes most prevalent in the rat ileum were, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B,…

SEARCH FOR AN H2-RECEPTOR HISTAMINE ANTAGONIST In the beginning of the 20th century, Histamine was discovered. Subsequent studies proved that histamine was the principal mediator of the inflammation and the shock. Antihistamines were used by the pharmacologists to identify various actions of the histamine in the different tissues. Several actions of histamine had been noted that could not be specifically antagonized by these drugs: for example, the stimulation of the gastric acid secretion in…

associated with G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), in which inverse agonist binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces an opposite pharmacological response to the agonist. For inverse agonist response the receptor must have an intrinsic activity in the absence of any ligand1,2. How inverse agonist act? According to the two state receptor theory, receptors are quiescent at rest (Ri) and are stimulated by drugs (R*, receptors are switched on) known as agonists. Antagonists do not have…

There are drugs which look to copy these effects or inhibit them, they are known as cholinergic drugs. ACH has two types of receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Nicotine acts as antagonists for nicotinic receptors, by blocking these receptors this causes the muscles to relax. Another cholinergic drug is scopolamine this acts as an antagonists for the muscarinic receptors. Thus, supresses the parasympathetic system, scopolamine has many uses such as lowering the secretion of body fluids…

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MAchR) and serotonin (5-HT) receptors which belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) are well-known for their role in regulating contractions of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract with primarily M3 receptors and 5-HT2A receptors contributing to muscle contractions respectively. The present results clearly demonstrate that rat ileum contracts in response to agonists Ach (Fig. 1) and 5-HT (Fig. 2). Ach binds to M3 receptor coupled to Gq…

Dopamine Receptor D2 The D2 dopamine receptor has an extremely important function in the nervous system. The D2 receptor is metabotropic: it is coupled with a G-Protein linked receptor. This implies that a dopamine receptor is in the G protein-coupled receptor class. They are prominent in the vertebrae of the central nervous system. The synthesis of a dopamine receptor is extremely complicated. The subtypes of receptors differ in function and structure during DNA synthesis by the absence or…

an NMDA receptor antagonist and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used antitussives, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity” (p.1). According to Drugs.com (2016), the mechanism of dextromethorphan “ Dextromethorphan is an opioid-like drug that binds to and acts as antagonist to the NMDA glutamatergic receptor, it is an agonist to the opioid sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors, it is also an alpha3/beta4 nicotinic receptor…