Receptor antagonist

and legs. He also had an elevated blood pressure of 180/90, chronic atrial fibrillation, elevated INR of 4.8, and elevated digoxin level 3.8. Mr. Elliot has chronic atrial fibrillation and is being treated with Warfarin. Warfarin is a Vitamin K antagonist, a blood thinner that is used to treat and reduce the chance of blood clots forming, such as a thromboembolism which can develop because of atrial fibrillation (Varim et al., 2016). Mr. Elliot has an elevated INR, which is possibly due to…

of reduced levels of vitamin K. Therefore, warfarin indirectly reduces the synthesis of these clotting factors (Wigle et al., 2013). Cimetidine: Cimetidine is a histamine-2 receptor antagonist. The mechanism of action of cimetidine is as a histamine H2 receptor antagonist. It inhibits histamine binding to histamine H2 receptors. Cimetidine inhibits gastric acid secretion as well as pepsin and gastrin output (PubChem, 2017). Pseudoephedrine: Pseudoephedrine is a phenethylamine that is used…

physiological antagonist of bronchoconstriction and is often prescribed in an “as required” manner in the relief of symptoms (Taylor and Hancox, 2000). Salbutamol acts on a g-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which, through a biochemical intracellular cascade ends with activation of protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates many regulatory proteins (Mcgraw and Liggett, 2005 and Johnson, 2004). Corticosteroids are steroid hormones that target the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR) (figure…

What I found most interesting about this module was how antibodies of the IgE isotype can bind to Fc receptors on the surface of mast cells. Although this effect most likely evolved as a component of protection against helminthic parasites, it continues to play a substantial role in symptoms for allergy. Mast cell activation is not further addressed until module 8.2, but understanding how mast cell activation plays a prominent role in the immune system is vital to learning how to combat…

transporter 2 (VMAT2), for up to seven days. Sigma-1 receptors are located in-side the presynaptic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which regulates calcium ion flow lead-ing to change of gradients in sodium and po-tassium channels with its binding. This caus-es a signal transduction by depolarizing and hyperpolarization triggering an action poten-tial to move through the synapse, open-ing/closing, excitatory/inhibitory, leading to binding on voltage gated receptors, like G-proteins, second messengers…

Depression is a big worldwide problem, and in USA antidepressants are the third most common prescribed drug. It is a problem that appears to be on the rise. However, a lot about the function of antidepressants and why they seem to be working better in some individuals still remains unknown. Some data actually suggests that antidepressants works as good as taking a sugar pill. A meta-analysis (2010) were six separate studies were analysed to compare the effectiveness of antidepressants…

experiment stressed prenatal animals exhibited an increase in D2 receptor binding and decrease in D3 binding in the accumbens nucleus. Chronic stress lowered the density of D2 receptors.In some experiments, the prefrontal cortex eliminates dopamine in animals that are chronically stressed. This has been found to be an adaptive response by the prefrontal cortex. Subcortical and the post cortical structures control behavior because of high D1 receptor stimulation during stressful situations.…

membranes rather than passively. Highly-specific transport systems utilizing folate receptors, the reduced folate carrier and the proton-coupled folate transporter mediate the passage of folates into the systemic tissues receptors. The anionic reduced folate carrier, which is found in all eukaryotic cells, delivers folates to systemic tissues at physiological pH (pH 7.4), whilst folate receptors transport folate via receptor-mediated at slightly acid and neutral pH (pH…

Introduction Naloxone (also known as Narcan or Evzio) is an opioid antagonist that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for opioid overdoses since 1971; why are we hearing so much about it right now? Opioid overdoses and deaths continue to increase. In order to reduce these deaths, legislation is regularly being passed at the state level to get naloxone in the hands of the family and friends of those at risk for overdose. Currently, there are thirty-seven states with laws…

Q10. There are five different stages of sleep that a person goes through when they are sleeping. These stages are differentiated by the theta activity (slow wave sleep) that takes place in each stage. The first stage that takes place involved theta activity which means the firing of neurons in the neocortex has begun. During this level of sleep there is an EGG level of 3.5-7.5 HZ. The EEG level is the electrical activity that takes place within the brain, it is recorded through electrodes that…