Receptor antagonist

Antihistamine: Mechanism of action and classes Antihistamines are antagonist or inverse agonist of histamine receptors(HRs) which can help manage the symptoms associated with allergies. This research report aims to explore the mechanism of action and the classes of antihistamines. The report also attempts to answer the hypothesis that increased antihistamine levels will affect the immune function and the allergic response. Antihistamines counteract the action of histamines by binding to HRs…

Introduction Cabozantinib, developed by Exelis Inc. as initially XL185, was first FDA approved in 2012 under the brand name CometriqTM. There are two formulations of cabozantinib in which CometriqTM is an oral capsule and has the clinical advantage of a quicker delivery time in comparison to its tablet form (CabometyxTM). Bioequivalence for the formulations are not the same, a 19% higher Cmax for the tablet form, and should not be used interchangeably. The current essay will focus on the drug…

allergies. Singulair is administered in the form of a tablet of various doses, which are taken orally. Singular prevents the constrictions of airways when an antigen is presented by binding to cysteinyl leukotriene receptors found in the airways. The binding of Singulair to these receptor sites inhibits edema of the airways, alteration in the inflammatory process and contraction of the smooth muscle (Drugs.com, 2017). Adverse reactions of Singulair include a headache, upset stomach, nausea,…

Cinciripini et al. (2013) had participants receive smoking cessation counseling, and Varenicline, bupropion, or a placebo for 12 weeks. Varenicline is a selective partial agonist of the α4 β 2 acetylcholine receptor. It stimulates dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens, but less than nicotine does (e.g., Cinirpini et al., 2013). It likely works similar to a nicotine patch, allowing for a gradual withdrawal from stimulation of the reward system. Bupropion…

on the receptor by the enzyme striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP). Once activated, the mGluR is able to activate a tumor-necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE). The stimulation of TACE will act to cleave the intramembrane protein, neuronal pentraxin receptor. When the protein is cleaved, the extracellular portion is able to stimulate the aggregation of AMPA receptors on the cell surface and help facilitate endocytosis (Lüscher & Huber, 2010). This decrease of AMPA receptors on the…

humans. Focal administration of an OX1 antagonist in the RTN reduces the ventilatory response to 7% CO2 by ~30% in wakefulness. However, the involvement of OX receptors, specifically OX2, in the RTN on the blood pressure response to CO2 or hypoxia and in the development of sympathetic LTF is unknown. Additionally, there is conflicting evidence on the role of OX and OX receptors in blood pressure (BP) regulation. Reports show that blockade of OX receptor type 2 (OX2) in the rostral ventral…

Nursing Diagnoses When dealing with schizophrenia there are so many nursing diagnoses to work with, beginning with self- harm acts and going to inability to thrive socially, mentally, and physically. The first diagnoses, is ineffective coping. Defined by NANDA-I as the inability to form a valid appraisal of the stressors, inadequate choices of practiced responses, and/or inability to use available resources, defining characteristics such as destructive behavior toward self, difficulty…

This recommendation is also supported in the American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of GERD3. Both H2RAs and PPIs work to suppress gastric acid via inhibition of receptors and influx pumps that function to increase the gastric acid production. Although the utility of pH for the diagnosis and management of extraesophageal complications is not well established, gastric pH may be useful in monitoring and evaluating the…

Alzheimer’s is cellular disease that affects your neurons. The neurons are the cells in your brain, which forms a network of communication with other surrounding nerve cells. This helps transmit signals throughout the body. Alzheimer’s is a very serious and emotionally excruciating disease. While many diseases wound people physically, Alzheimer’s is a disease that takes away persons inner self. In other words, Alzheimer’s robs a person of their mentality, self-respect and free-choice.…

Often times while watching television or listening to the radio, a company will advertisement a product. Whether the product be an engaging toy, an effective cleaning chemical, or a new wonder drug, at the very end of the advertisement there is most always a disclaimer. “This toy is not safe for children under three years old” and “do not use this product if you are pregnant or breastfeeding” are among the more popular sayings. The reason for the latter disclaimer is likely due to the advertised…