Protein folding

Proteins are large, complex molecules found throughout the body. They are polymers made out of different types of small unites called amino acids. Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom, which is attached to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain or R group. There are twenty different types of amino acids and each one of them has different chemical properties. Amino acids are held together by covalent peptide bonds therefore the proteins, chains of…

It processed that the mutations in the genes encoding Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), Presenilin I (PSI) and Presenilin II (PSII) which are linked to AD suggested that Aβ peptide is the major initiator of the development of AD. It stated that the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) was the initial pathological event in Alzheimer’s…

An insight in the biophysical properties of bio macromolecules Natural biopolymers such as nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates are essential for life as we see it today. It is incredible to think how this vast set of molecules that are in every living thing, from bacteria to human beings, are mostly made up by six elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus). These biopolymers have the properties to, from small monomers, build giant tridimensional structures with a…

phospholipids and proteins. The mitochondria has an outer membrane which is smooth and composed of equal amounts of phospholipids and proteins. It has a large number of special proteins known as the porins. The porins are integral membrane proteins and they allow the movement of molecules that are of 5000 daltons or less in weight to pass through it. The outer membrane is freely permeable to nutrient…

bugs fly. Let’s begin! “Origami has had a big impact on my life by making making DNA”, let me explain. DNA is made up of a bunch of different proteins. Those proteins are also made up of a bunch of different particles grouping together and forming a specific shape. They form this specific shape by folding and molding the specific shape. The proteins then have to fit in a specific place or they will be used for something else. “Origami has had a big impact on my life by helping NASA build…

which code for the amino acid phenylalanine. The mutation, therefore, leads to the loss of this amino acid. The mutant CFTR leads to the disease as the incorrect protein folding is detected in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads the protein to be degraded and thus never reaches the cell membrane whereas with a normal CFTR protein, the protein actually reaches the cell membrane and is integrated into it. CFTR works as a channel that exports chloride ions across the membrane; this is the…

on this protein but once scientist began to research alpha-synuclein then there will be better understanding of how Gaucher’s works. According to the National Gaucher’s Foundation “the balance of glucocerebroside enzyme and alpha-synuclein may play a critical role in helping the body’s proteins work correctly”(GaucherDisease). This means that having too much of the alpha-synuclein might keep the glucocerebroside enzyme from breaking down glucocerebroside. This could lead to improper protein…

Protein work “the collection of proteins within a cell determines its health and function Proteins are responsible for nearly every task of cellular life, including cell shape and inner organization, product manufacture and waste cleanup, and routine maintenance. Proteins also receive signals from outside the cell and mobilize intracellular response. They are the workhorse macromolecules of the cell and are as diverse as the functions they serve. Proteins can be big or small, mostly…

As macromolecular machines, enzymes conduct their designated work in the confined and crowded spaces inside living cells. How does a protein work in such a condition? Functions of proteins are strongly dependent on their structural stability and dynamics while the (macro) molecular interactions are arguably affected by the complexity and diversity of their environments. To date, two interrelated cellular conditions — ‘macromolecular crowding’ resulted from the effect of volume exclusion by…

The structure of an enzyme is important because if the structure of the protein is denatured, the protein can not function properly either. Being denatured can be caused by many things but changing the pH or temperature are the main ways to make a protein not to function properly. Any little change in the sequence from protein folding can cause dramatic consequences that might lead to disease or sickness. Cystic Fibrosis is a common disease that affects the whole body, the main and most…