Optical tweezers

5.2 Discussion 5.2.1 Comparison of the results from AFM and optical tweezers experiments 5.2.1.1 Different unfolding behaviors in AFM and optical tweezers experiments In chapter 3, we have studied AFV3-109 using single-molecule AFM. The results from optical tweezers are contradictory to the results from AFM. First, the unfolding force obtained by optical tweezers is much smaller than the force obtained by AFM. More importantly, in our previous study using AFM, the unfolding of AFV3-109 occurs in two different pathways, two-state and three-state with an intermediate state at ~ 12 nm. However, in the results from optical tweezers, we did not observe any intermediate state. In addition, the unfolding distance of AFV3-109 measured by optical tweezers…

Fiber optic communication systems are light wave systems that employ optical fibers for transmitting information from one point to other through an optical fiber. The driving force behind the widespread use of fiber optic communications is the demand for economic, reliable transmission media that can transmit required information capacity. The transmission capacity of optical fibers has drastically improved over the years. Today, optical communications up to 100 gb/s for several kilometers have…

Optical Illusions are a neurological phenomenon that allows a person to believe an alternate reality based on what they see visually or encounter haptically. Illusions can come in all shapes and sizes and can be presented to us in many different ways sometimes, subliminally throughout our daily lives. The most famous and widely studied illusion is the Muller-Lyer illusion. This illusion consists of a horizontal line with opposite facing arrows at either end. The next portion uses the same…

depending on the angle at which strikes the surface. This principal is the heart of the operation of optical fibers. Just by altering and controlling the angle at which light is incident on the fiber, we can transmit this light signal efficiently. By this principle of Total Internal Reflection the ray of light is trapped within the denser glass of the center of the composite cylindrical glass fiber, the core as if it is guided down the core in a zigzag path of successive reflections. These light…

3.3 DEMERITS Cost comes first in considering the demerits of optical fiber networks. Despite of the fact that the cost for fiber is dropping by 60% per year and is beneficial in long run, its initial installation cost is still high and is not affordable to all vendors. Per unit cost of fiber cable is more than that of copper cable. Secondly, as the technology is still new and improvising, it requires skilled manpower for its installation, operation and maintenance. Further it requires new…

Implementation of optical fiber sensor in biomedical Optical fiber sensor for biomedical application Applications for biomedical sensors can be named in vivo or in vitro. In vivo alludes to application on an entire, living life form, for example, a human patient; in vitro alludes to testing outside the body, for example, research facility blood tests. From the point of view of how sensors are connected to a patient or organic framework, they can be named noninvasive, reaching (skin surface),…

Uses for fibre optics The most common form that optic fibre technology is found in is cables. These cables have revolutionized technology, telecommunications and even medical. Uses of these cables range from telephone and internet cables that are able to run across the Pacific Ocean to military uses in tanks and drones used in combat. The cause for this is due to the advantages that the cables have. In a quick sum up they are lighter, faster and more secure. People are able to send international…

Introduction Structural health monitoring systems (SHMS) incorporates mechanical and electronic systems in inspection and maintenance of bridge performance. A SHMS evaluates structural condition by monitoring loadings and other parameters. The results can then be used to plan and perform inspection activities. The evaluations further highlight the damages, their extent and modification. The system comprises of six integrated modules which are: • Module 1 - the sensory system, • Module 2 - the…

What is Fiber Optic Cables? Back in the day we used copper wires for our tele-communication and to interconnect throughout the world. However as technology and machines start to grow more powerful, we are forced to put a change in this production of copper wires. The wire density becomes a very critical factor in the modern era, however the limit in size must always result in better performance. Fiber optics proves to be highly effective in its high bandwidth, as it allows on a single fiber to…

Optical Fibres By Jaydan Fibre optics are wires made of pure strands of glass or plastic spliced together (weaved together). These wires are as thin as strands of hair so their can be millions of them in a fibre optic cable. The wires are in bundles called optical cables and are used to transmit digital information over long distances. Fibre optics can be used for telecommunication, networking, decorations, endoscopy and much more because they are flexible, carry much more information than…