Force spectroscopy

Comparison of the results from AFM and optical tweezers experiments 5.2.1.1 Different unfolding behaviors in AFM and optical tweezers experiments In chapter 3, we have studied AFV3-109 using single-molecule AFM. The results from optical tweezers are contradictory to the results from AFM. First, the unfolding force obtained by optical tweezers is much smaller than the force obtained by AFM. More importantly, in our previous study using AFM, the unfolding of AFV3-109 occurs in two different pathways, two-state and three-state with an intermediate state at ~ 12 nm. However, in the results from optical tweezers, we did not observe any intermediate state. In addition, the unfolding distance of AFV3-109 measured by optical tweezers…

The only compounds that were used for this plate were the spearmint oil, standard for carvone, and the carvone product. The solvent was hexane:ethyl acetate (90:10). This, along with the spotted TLC plate, were added to a 150 ml beaker and covered with a watch glass. The solvent was allowed to move up the plate. The TLC was removed and examined with an iodine jar and a UV light. Each spot had its Rf value recorded. A 10 ml graduated cylinder was filled with hexane. Then, two microliters of the…

Adhikary, Sujit. “Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: A review.” Scientific Research, Vol. 3, No. 7. Scientific Research Publishing Inc., [circa 2014], cesantaclara.ucanr.edu/files/235723. In the online article, “Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: A review,” the author dives into the benefits of vermicomposting by explaining the basics of the concept, and then digs deeper into the values and assets of this “organic gold.” The article states how vermicomposting not only gets rid of…

or characterized by the use of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation not only includes light (or photons), but thermal energy as well. While the electromagnetic spectrum consists of wavelengths between gamma radiation and the Far IR, most spectrophotometric methods rely on the UV and visible region. In order to use spectrophotometric methods, the sample being analyzed must be able to absorb the energy (photon) used to excite the sample. UV-Vis and other optical instruments measure…

Figure 1 shows the relationship between concentration and absorbance known as the Beer-Lambert law or calibration curve. The data from the made solutions in table 2 was used to create the graph. The graph has a linear trend line that predicts where a point would fall on the graph. The equation of the trend line is equation 7: y=0.9508x-0.0055 with a R2 value of 0.99943. This equation was used to find the true concentration of the made solutions as well as the unknown solution. The R2 value…

proud of me after seeing me work with micropipettes and fancy machines like the NanoDrop 2000 software. So, we were assigned the drug Sulfanilamide. We took 0.25mM of the drug and calibrated/standardized in order to create a calibration curve. We separated the two solvents by using a liquid/liquid extraction. That means we mixed our drug with the two solvents and analyzed how much was in both. We then solved for the partition coefficient (Log P) to describe the degree to which the dug prefers…

1 WRITTEN ESSAY Paragraph 1 The FePO4 crystal is examined at various temperatures ranging between 294K and 1073K by neutron powder diffraction. At relatively low temperatures, FePO4 adopts an α-quartz structure, which is tetrahedral. High pressures causes a phase change to a more dense octahedral structure, which is known as β-phase. The transition temperature is 980K. Cutoffs can be observed during the firstorder transition,. For α-phase, the increases in cell parameters…

Discussion/Scientific Explanation: In order to successfully analyze colas, one must become familiar with a Spectrophotometer 20. In order to do this, one must figure out determine the relationship between the wavelength of light absorbed and the color of a compound. Next, one must determine a way to relate the amount of light absorbed with the concentration of the solution. After gaining knowledge about these two parts of the lab, one will be able to determine how a Spectrophotometer 20 can be…

Introduction: The goal of this lab was for students to learn how to use a spectrophotometer to find the absorbance of four known copper (II) sulfate solutions, four copper (II) sulfate solutions that were created by dilution, and one unknown copper (II) sulfate solution. The purpose of this experiment was to help students learn how to use the Spec-20, which is a machine that measures the transmittance and absorbance of a solution, learn about the linear relationship between absorbance and…

The order of maximal adhesive force can be ranked as: CNG>CG>CNC>CC>Commercial cream (Clocip®)>Commercial gel (Leezole®).The increased bioadhesivity of gel formulations over cream formulations could be attributed to the presence of the well known mucoadhesive agent HPMC32, 33 employed as gelling agent. Furthermore, it is quite noticeable that cubic nanoparticles based formulations elicited greater mucoadhesion to mucin gel as compared to that of conventional formulations and…