Pope Innocent IV

Mark Twain’s setting in “The Celebrated Jumping Frog Of Calaveras County” , a folktale story he wrote illustrated as “Angel’s Camp” a gold mining community in the mid-19th century. The story takes place in a mining town in the west where it is populated primarily by men, many of them looking for their own fortune. A gambler, “Jim Smiley” a man who tricks people in bets for money; however, wins every bet he makes. One day Smiley gets out-tricked for the first time when he makes a bet with a…

by the papacy; however, later in the eleventh century, the church became the most influential institution in Western Europe. The period of the papacy’s ultimate power, the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, reached its peak with the pontificate of Innocent III, who exercised his influence over kings and princes without challenge. The church then seemed irrefutable in its prestige, dignity, and power. Clegg & Reed said “Yet that strength quickly came under new attack, as over the next two…

history flowed from a grave misunderstanding of the Trinity’s unity. His misunderstanding was based on the inappropriate use of the philosophical principle of univocity. This difficulty is but one of the many reasons that Pope Innocent III called the Forth Lateran Council. Innocent III was the exemplar of papal monarchy, a mover and shaker of medieval culture that took full advantage of the power invested to him in his office as Bishop of Rome. After eighteen years of reigning from the chair of…

With the fall of Rome in 476 CE, the Roman Catholic Church emerged and began its course to spread the word of God throughout Europe. Throughout the Middle Ages one of the most dominant religions the world has ever seen which was the Roman Catholic Church, played an integral role in the lives of everyday people. In these times, the Church was much more than a mere religious organization, instead playing a hand in hand role in many aspects of daily life as well as playing a key role in many…

friends, or loved ones without a license from the master. Being a knight meant having to serve devotional exercises. They also had to fast, pray, and have constant attendance at mass, vespers, and other church services. Templar knights fought for the pope and the king. They took vows to the church and the country. One vow they took is “To put on the armour of obedience and associate themselves with piety and humility for the defense of the Holy Catholic Church.” Some of the vows to be sworn into…

mandated in order to bring swift justice to the infidels. A guilty verdict would render fines, persecution, imprisonment, torture or even death. After hundreds of years of crusades, tribunals and killings, the world was still infected with heretics. Pope Gregory IX conjured up a…

The Significance of the Calling of the First Crusade The significance of the calling of the First Crusade by Pope Urban II is the fall of Jerusalem, which happened directly, as well as the fall of Constantinople and the Crusades that followed. The First Crusade lasted three years and resulted in the fall of Jerusalem. The Second and Third Crusade lasted two and five years respectively. The Fourth Crusade last two years and resulted in the fall of the city of Constantinople. The Fifth…

Already a major part of European lifestyles, Christianity began to grow in importance as popes became more involved with federal matters. The popes “came to exercise control over the territories in central Italy that came to be known as the Papal States” giving them political leverage. People with religious affiliation were becoming intertwined with the political world…

was a powerful spiritual factor. An especially powerful motive was the religious aura of Jerusalem, which had been a popular pilgrimage site for Christians. The popes of the Gregorian Reform delegated shedding blood to the laity. The Crusades were military expeditions launched against unbelieving Muslims and heretics. 2.) Pope Innocent III believed he could intervene in political affairs when moral or religious issues were involved. The church claimed competence in affairs that might seem…

The Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, established in fifteen-forty-two by Pope Paul III (the pontifical incumbent who was also responsible for the authorization of the Jesuit Order), was the primary institution to maintain and implement Papal bulls, in addition to their function of administering legalistic ramifications upon deviants of Catholic orthodoxy within the Papal States, and ostensibly exhibiting proper procedure to Catholic states in the process of…