Phoneme

Word blindness. Those were the words that the condition that we now know as dyslexia was first called when Dr. W. Pringle published a report in the British Medical Journal in 1896 in which he wrote about a 14-year-old male that was of high intelligence but lacked the ability to read (Dyslexia, 2016). Dyslexia is typically defined as a learning disorder that is characterized by difficulty reading caused by problems identifying speech sounds and learning how those speech sounds relate to letters…

A 1999 study estimated that 9 out of 10 (90%-92%) babies with Down syndrome (DS) were aborted yearly (Bradford, 2015, para. 1). New research by de Graaf, Buckley, and Skotko (2015) approximates 30% of babies with DS were “selectively terminated in recent years” (p. 765). Termination rates among ethnicities are “non-Hispanic whites (39%), non-Hispanic blacks/Africans (27%), and Hispanics (18%)” (para. 12). (De Graaf, Buckley, & Skotko, 2015, p. 763). Bradford (2015) laments, “making such a…

Part A Children in an early childhood education setting need support in their learning and development with regards to literacy knowledge and skills. This is supported in several ways with a key element being a literacy rich environment. This environment will consist of three areas: materials that contain print, materials and tools that produce print and materials that facilitate reading (Fellowes & Oakley, 2014).These print-rich classrooms that have print available throughout the environment…

directly links to phonics instruction (Adams, 1990; Brish 2011; NRP, 2000; Snow et al., 1998). It is important to distinguish between phonemic awareness and phonics instruction because they are not the same; phonics instruction requires grapheme-phoneme correspondences, spelling patterns, and applying this knowledge in reading. The NRP (2000) provides solid evidence for contributions of systematic and explicit phonics instruction to reading acquisition. The goal of all phonics programs is to…

In the article, “Differentiating Tier Two Self-Regulated Strategies Development in Writing in Tandem with School-wide Positive Behavioral Support (Sandmel et al., 2009), the researchers conducted two studies which examined students who were identified as at risk for behavioral difficulties and struggled with writing. The students who were a part of the study have been receiving Positive Behavioral Support (PBS). PBS is designed to prevent and respond to problem behaviors by teaching desired…

Fluent speech is characterize by smoothness (i.e. lack of interruptions), speaking rate (i.e. not too fast not too slow), prosody (i.e. emotional intonation) and mental effort (i.e. effortless speech) parameters. Dysfluency in speech refer to any disorder in fluency parameters. In fact, all people are dysfluent in approximately 2% of their speech but about 5% of children and 1% of adults are dysfluent in more than 10% of their speech which are categorized as people who stutter. The most used…

What do you think about linguistics? Usually, many people who are questioned about this might think how many languages you can speak or a thing connected with literature. However, it’s not same. Although linguistics can be related to the number of how many languages you can speak or to literature, it is a more complicated and philosophical issue. So, what is linguistics? Before starting, what is language? Language can be divided between specific language which is called as “Parole” by Saussure,…

Weekly Reflection Book # 3: On Bourdieu As I continue reading Bourdieu's Language and Symbolic Power, I am able to achieve a better understanding of his vision about the language differences between the bourgeois and the peasants, and how these differences have been sustained, by the dominant classes, to maintain power distinctions. A particular term called my attention, neutralizing distance (p. 85), which is used by Bourdieu to define how the bourgeoisie use their language to maintain…

Introduction When considering language and the role it has in the life of a child a holistic approach is needed. All children acquire a unique understanding and system of language, that is formed through environmental and social influences, as they grow. Auditory language is the primary influence on language development in children. Through exposure to auditory language, a child begins to form the ability to communicate. Visual language aids in the acquisition of rules that help to shape…

*For the purpose of ensuring participant’s confidentiality, the name Jane Chiu will be used (J. Chiu, personal communication, September 26, 2015). Communication-related Features Jane is 43 years old and was born with an incomplete cleft, which is a cleft in the soft palate and uvula. In addition, she has a moderately severe hearing impairment. Clefts of the lip and palate are the most common congenital deformities (Bansal, Pathak, Bhatia, Gupta, & Gautam, 2012). In school age and throughout…