Phenotype

DATABASES 1. Assembly Assembly database is needed to provide a systematic organization of genome. To accomplish that, the genome is fragmented into small pieces and is sequenced for many times to try to recreate the set of chromosome sequences. This database provides a unique tracker in form of accession so that users can identify changes to an assembly in precise locations whenever needed. There are two different types of assembly updates which are major release and minor release. 2.…

Introduction Epigenetics, “above-genetics” is concerned with the mechanism that underlies developmental processes and canalization that are neither necessarily transmitted nor brought about by changes in the DNA sequence in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. At the cellular level it focuses on the developmental process that leads to cell determination and cell differentiation (Jablonka & Raz, 2009). Narrowly defined, epigenetics refers to the scientific approach concerned with changes in the…

double heterozygote. Here is the cross between Sepia and Vestigial fruit flies to see the possible phenotypes produced in F2 generation. We are able to see the offspring traits showing normal eyes and normal wings, normal eyes. The ones in bold are the vestigial wings, sepia eyes and vestigial wings are double underlined .This shows the phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1. Sepia and Vestigial Cross Phenotype Observe Expected 〖(O-E)〗^2/E Normal eyes, Normal wings 52 55 0.164 Normal eyes, Vestigial wings…

The complementation test cross was set up with the purpose of identifying the unknown gene. The cross was set up between parents with similar phenotypes. Two results were expected from this crosses, one of the crosses would show the complementation of two mutant alleles and the other cross would show two allelic mutations. If the two mutant allele complement each other all the progeny will be wild…

with the bithorax mutation in Drosophila, Waddington caused four wings to form in an adult fly rather than the wild type two wings. In the experiment, he used wild type flies treated with ether to produce the mutated phenotype. Next, he performed selective breeding for the phenotype, creating a true breeding fly within twenty generations. Under the current thought of Mendelian genetics, the mutation in the parent fly should not be passed down to the next generation. Nevertheless, Waddington was…

Since human males only possess one X chromosome, a mutation will result in the phenotypic expression of DMD. Females require the mutation to be present on both chromosomes for the phenotype to be expressed. If a female receives one X chromosome with the mutation and the other is absent of it, then the female becomes a carrier of the mutation and will pass it along to her sons. This occurs in two-thirds of DMD cases with the other third…

Epigenetics are responsible for the “ghost” of the genome, enabling organisms identical by genotype to differ significantly in phenotype. It is referred to as a ghost because it was previously undetectable, and therefore mysterious. One important experiment to epigenetics involved a gene in mice that tell their body when to stop eating. In a mouse that is yellow and fat, the gene…

The Burkholderia Taxonomy and Genomics Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) belongs to the Burkholderia genus which contains over 40 species that inhabit a variety of ecological niches. The majority of species within this genus are non-pathogenic soil-dwelling bacteria, but a few species are highly pathogenic to humans and can result in severe disease [1]. This includes B. mallei, an obligate mammalian pathogen and the causative agent of glanders, which primarily affects horses and other solipeds…

pulmonary disease in the world, especially prominent in India. The disease is correlated with an exaggerated response to respiratory irritants. Some examples of irritants include cigarette smoke, dust, chemicals, and fuel fumes. There are two clinical phenotypes of COPD. They are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis leads to an abundance of mucus secretions and a productive cough that lasts greater than three months of the year, for at least two years in a row. When the…

cytometry to identify stem-like cells, not including CD45 in their experimental analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells and similar cell types demonstrate that 90% of the population express the phenotype CD44+/CD24-/low phenotype (Fillmore & Kuperwasser, 2008). Other studies have found similar results looking at the same phenotype. In the current CD45 was added to the selection for stem-like cells and to flow cytometry assays.…