Phenotype

A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence. Sometimes a base is deleted or extra bases are added. Most common is a point mutation, where a single base is substituted for another, but some of these occur in the non-coding sequences and become a silent mutation. When a DNA change remains unrepaired in a cell, it is passed down to the offspring. However, most mutations result in recessive genes. Because humans are diploid, meaning that the individual has two sets of chromosomes from each parent,…

Eukaryotic organism such as drosophila have been used extensively to demonstrate the classical Mendelian laws because they are inexpensive and abundant in genetic variations due to a small number of chromosomes. The purpose of this lab was to determine the phenotypic ratio for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using drosophila. In a monohybrid cross, a single trait (eye color) is crossed in the organism and in a dihybrid cross,two different traits (eye color and wings) are crossed for a…

In Vitro Fertilization has helped millions of producers produce their ideal calf or close to that ideal calf. Whether chosen for phenotype, genotype, EPDs, or show ring appeal, IVF hasn’t been far from the picture. Before having a flush performed the producer should know the facts, and about the steps for ET and have a donor and sire chosen to use on that donor. Selecting a genetically outstanding cow is something that is always looked at. Other things that are perceived are show ring appeal,…

2004). To determine a result base on a population’s average of how well they respond to medication can cause huge problems as many people could be denied appropriate drug treatment. Also, patients with similar clinical phenotypes might need different treatments if that phenotype has a different cause (Hardy 2003). This is when ethnicity should not be used to determine then if one should get treatment based on the majority. Ignoring the fact many population variations is shared will lead to…

Control is out of this world. “Compatibilism is the thesis that we are both determined and yet at the same time have the sort of freedom necessary to be morally responsible for our actions” (McKenna). Everybody has their own viewpoints on free will and hard determinism. It is often said that it can only be one or the other. The economy, the laws, and the people are only doing what is set in stone for them to be doing, or making their own choices in life. Well, I believe it’s both. Compatibilism…

Eukaryotes have much larger genomes than prokaryotes, and therefore, must condense their DNA into chromatin. Chromatin is composed of histone proteins that help to condense and organize the DNA forming chromosomes. The basic unit of this chromatin is a nucleosome, which contains about 150 base pairs of DNA that are wrapped 1.7 times around the core histone proteins. However, this tightly wrapped chromatin becomes a problem when regulatory proteins need access to specific sections of the DNA.…

As a population, organisms look different. Genetic variations and phenotypic differences are a direct result of the processes of transcription and translation at the molecular level. In the paragraphs that follow I will discuss how the processes at the molecular level influence traits that we see at the species level. A human has 23 chromosomes, each of these chromosomes are a housing unit for DNA. DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a simple molecule found in all living organisms. DNA…

The wild type phenotype id white, it will change to red when the yeast is unable to synthesis the ADE2 gene correctly, this causes a buildup of oxidative AIR in the vacuoles. Along with the phenotypic change the ade2::kanR gene will allow for the resistance of kanamycin…

Practical 2 Title: Du Test by Tube Method Aim: To perform the Du test by tube method Introduction: The D antigen is the most immunogenic antigen in the Rhesus blood group system. Rhesus positivity and negativity indicate the presence or absence of the D antigen on the surface of red blood cell. Du test is the further testing that is done to identify Weak D antigen when the cells being tested have failed to react with anti-D antisera at immediate spin. An indirect antiglobulin test is…

researchers grew the virus in human cell cultures in-vitro. In an article, researchers from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center stated, “The phenotypes studied in animals are not truly identical to human disease but are limited representations of them. In most cases, animal studies do not assess the role of naturally occurring variation and its effects on phenotypes” (“Scientific Problems” 3). In conclusion, while animal testing did provide the world with some discoveries, it did so in an…