Phenotype

physical difference between males and females, we could determine the traits were on an autosome and not a sex chromosome. Secondly, we knew the offspring were heterozygous since their parents were both homozygous. Therefore, since the wild-type phenotypes were present the wild-type alleles were dominant, and because the mutated traits were absent the mutated alleles were recessive.…

Drosophila melanogaster, a species of common fruit flies, is widely used for biological research in studies amongst geneticists around the world. For many different reasons, these miniature organisms have become a favorite model organism for geneticists, biologists, physiologists, and many other scientists today, the obvious ones being their low cost, easy maintenance, ten-day generation time, and the fact that they produce large quantities of progeny. Besides these reasons, this species has…

(Personal Genetics Education Project, n.d.). Most genes are the same from person to person but a very small number are slightly different. Variations of the same gene are called alleles. Alleles determine a person’s physical characteristics, or phenotype, such as…

(percentages of homozygous dominant + heterozygous dominant + homozygous recessive). 1. Thumb Crossing Individual Phenotypic Results _________________________________ Class Results: Number of Dominant Phenotype __________ = Percentage = __________ Donnetta Tatum Number of Recessive Phenotype __________ = Percentage = __________ Total = _________ q² = _________ % of the class Therefore q = the frequency of q allele = √ q² = __________ 1 – q = p = frequency of the dominant allele…

Building on the work of Huxley, Tinbergen (1963) formulated four questions to tap into how organisms were structured and why they evolved the way they did (p. 411). Evolutionary questions typically fall into the why group as they address the ultimate levels of inference. Conversely, questions of ontology seek developmental answers for observable changes. Psychology is primarily concerned with the individual level of analysis, but in the case evolutionary psychology the theoretical and practical…

the lab and in nature, can make certain bugs more noticeable than others, which would increase the chances of them being found, killed, and eaten by predators. In other words, the environment increased the phenotype frequencies of the bugs that could blend into them and decreased the phenotype frequencies of the bugs that could not blend into them. This topic…

guanine when being created . When there is an error in replication, a deletion of genetic information, or insertion or adding of genetic information, it is a genetic mutation. Genetic mutations do no always affect the phenotype of an organism but will affect the genotype. A phenotype is how the gene appears to us. The genotype is the genetic makeup of the…

For example, Jacobs and Spencer (1994) did an experiment relating to the topic of natural selection and evolution. These scientists reviewed the natural space-use patterns and hippocampal size in kangaroo rats after undergoing evolution by natural selection. The size of the hippocampus, which is a forebrain structure that processes spatial information, correlates with the need to relocate food caches by passerine birds and with sex-specific patterns of space use in microtine rodents. However,…

The Effects of Hatcheries on Wild Salmon Populations Salmonids are perhaps one of the most prominent fish in freshwater systems such as streams and lakes. Their success can be widely attributed to their anadromous lifestyle. However, despite their success, salmonid populations are on a continuous decline. Many species such as Pacific Salmon in Washington, Oregon, and California are critically endangered, while some are threatened with extinction due to several different factors (Moyle and Cech…

disease causing oxidative stress and activation of TNF-α and NF-ҡB (tumor promoting cytokines) has been suggested as a major cause for colorectal cancer (Kraus et al., 2009). Activation of cytokines like STAT3 and NF-ҡB can also induce stem cell-like phenotype and stem cell expansion in progenitor tumor cells resulting in larger undifferentiated cell populations as potential targets for environmental mutagens (Grivennikov et al., 2010). Deactivation of repair enzymes by chronic inflammation,…