Ischemia

4.1 Introduction: Stress is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental illness affecting more than one fifth of the world’s population. It is always related to alterations of signaling pathways mainly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Mikhai et al, 2014). Rat models are an obligatory tool to study the etiology and progression of behavioural and biochemical changes induced by oxidative stress. Restraint stress produces an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants…

Heart failure is when the heart is too weak to pump blood efficiently, and cannot provide proper cardiac output that the body needs to maintain the body’s metabolic needs. Also, heart failure is when the heart muscle has become damaged and cannot contract and pump blood up and through the valves and out through both sides of the heart or the heart muscle has become too stiff. This process mainly relates to the heart muscles of the ventricle chambers. The ventricles are the main problem within…

Stem cell research has been a topic of interest since 1956. In that year, the first bone marrow transplant was performed by Dr. E Donnall Thomas in the state of New York. The patient had received radiotherapy and then received a bone marrow transplant from an identical twin that then cured the patient’s leukemia. Four years later, Researchers had made extreme advancements in the discovery of bone marrow and its contents. They found there is at least two kinds of stem cells that are present in…

Sickle cell anemia is a disease that results in the destruction of the protein hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a molecule located in the red blood cells that is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to the cells to the entire human body. This disease is a reaction of a point mutation in the β-hemoglobin gene that leads to the synthesis of sickle hemoglobin, which distorts and injures the red blood cell (Solovieff, Hartley, Baldwin, Klings, Gladwin, Taylor, & Sebastiani, 2011). Healthy red blood cells…

results of this test can detect various heart conditions, which includes valvular heart disease. Another carried out on patients is a stress test. A stress test determines the amount of stress your heart can manage before it develops either evidence of ischemia (not enough blood flow to the heart muscle) or an abnormal rhythm. The exercise stress test is the most common stress test. A stress provides information about how the heart responds to exertion and will usually involve pedaling a…

Mechanical Ventilation and the Effects on the Cardiopulmonary and Renal Systems Amanda K. Godshall West Chester University Abstract The important objective of this paper is to explore mechanical ventilation and the many effects it has on a patient’s organ systems. The cardiovascular system can be affected along with the pulmonary and renal systems. Cardiovascular side effects depend upon the previous underlying cardiopulmonary status of each patient. Conditions pertaining to…

Kristin Fitzpatrick BI 456 Immunology Disease Term Paper 11/21/14 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options I. INTRODUCTION Lupus, Latin for “wolf,” originally referred to the erosive facial lesions that resembled a wound from a wolf’s bite. In the Middle Ages lupus was mainly described as a dermatologic condition. It was not until 1872 that lupus was considered a systemic disease that presented with subcutaneous nodules, arthritis, lymphadenopathy, fever,…

UROLOGY With arrival of Dr. Kittles in 2014 and new Urology Chief, Dr. Lee in 2016, the division of Urology is undergoing a renaissance and expansion of existing programs and the development of new research and academic endeavors. The Division is focusing on a number of new projects such as: Renal Cell Carcinoma, Prostate Cancer, Pelvic Floor and Holmium laser prostatectomy outcomes. At the recent American Urological Association-Western Section meeting in Kauai, Hawaii October…

coffee: jitteriness, insomnia, benign heart palpitations, raised heart rate, and increased blood pressure to more severe ones such as gastrointestinal upset, sympathetic overdrive, hallucinations, seizures, tremors, dizziness, headache, and cardiac ischemia (Gunja, 2012, p. 2-3). During an overdose, symptoms mimic those of amphetamine poisoning (p. 3). Caffeine content in energy drinks ranges drastically, Red Bull can contain anywhere from 32 mg to 160 mg per container depending on the type…

naps lasted over an hour. Many say that daytime napping might be a consequence of night-time sleep disturbance such as obstructive sleep apnea. "Epidemiological studies have shown that obstructive sleep apnea is independently linked to blockages (ischemia) of heart arteries, stroke, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality” says The Telegraph. There have been many speculations to why but many researchers have stated that it could be because of different types of…