In vivo

Classical conditioning is a process in which behaviour is modified. It was made famous by Ivan Pavlov and the experiments he carried out by using his dogs. Classical conditioning occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus. When both stimuli have been repeatedly paired, the organism which in Pavlov’s case was his dog shows a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus. During the 1890’s, Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning when feeding his…

The role of polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and Gene therapy in medicine. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980s. It is a method in which a single copy of DNA is amplified. Using this technique which has a specific sequences ,millions of copies of DNA can be produced. In this process, many other conditions including several enzymes and primers are involved. This application of PCR extent from research to the commercial sector. Denaturation:- The reaction mixture is heated up to…

Schiff Bases: Schiff bases are amongst the important class of drugs containing imine or azoethine (-C=N-) moiety,have been obtained by the condensation of primary amines and carbonyl compounds.It was first time presented by the Hugo schiff (Cimerman et al, 2000). Schiff bases are one of the most important class of organic drugs widely used in variety of different fields such as analytical, biological, and inorganic chemistry.The schiff bases heve been designed to synthesize more and more novel…

When it comes to determining the ethicality for a human being to alter a fellow human’s DNA in the hopes of eradicating genetic disorders, every individual is going to have a different opinion on the matter. This idea is observed in the two articles; “Gene Therapy: Human Germline Genetic Modifications– Assessing the Scientific, Socio-ethical and Religious Issues” by Qiana Matthews, PhD and David Curiel, MD, PhD and “Gene Therapy: Theoretical and Bioethics Concepts” written by Kevin Smith, PhD.…

or kill this species of microorganism. Antibiotic susceptibility tests are done in order to determine, which specific antimicrobials will inhibit the growth of bacteria or fungi that causes the infection. The aim of these tests is to predict the in vivo success or failure of the antibiotic therapy. The tests are carried out in vitro, and performed under standardized conditions so that…

Two psychotherapy styles described in the text are exposure therapy, which falls under the category of Behavior/Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), which falls under the category of Psychodynamic Therapy. According to the text, the general idea of exposure therapy is to flood the client with stimuli that previously caused them fear/anxiety or avoidance. Interpersonal psychotherapy is considered an empirical psychoanalytic alternative to other techniques of…

Senescence is a robust tumor suppressive mechanism that inhibits the proliferation of damaged as well as initiated cells in response to a diverse range of stresses. The observations that human benign cancer precursor lesions are comprised of senescent cells further provide evidence that senescence is a physiological mechanism that prevents cancer progression in humans, possibly at an early stage. Senescence is clearly not fail-safe, since cells in pre-cursor lesions occasionally progress towards…

lead to plaque progression and complications. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) produce transforming growth factor –beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 which have anti-inflammatory action. B1 cells produce antibodies which can protect against atherosclerosis in vivo while B2 cells promote atherosclerosis by activating proinflammatory…

The term parent-child relationship refers to the unique and enduring bond between a caregiver and his or her child. To understand the parent-child relationship, we must look at the ways that parents and children interact with one another physically, emotionally, and socially (Wikipedia, n.d.). Raising children with positive behavior is one of the most difficult but rewarding task that a family unit has to perform in life. Society expects that parents are responsible to perform and fulfill their…

Haloperidol and Quetiapine In modern medicine, there are two main groups of antipsychotic medicine such as, conventional antipsychotics (1st generation antipsychotics) and atypical antipsychotics (2nd generation antipsychotics). Haloperidol is a conventional antipsychotic which is used to treat schizophrenia and some other forms of psychosis. Haloperidol was developed in the late 1950s by company Janssen, and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1967. (David A. Williams )…