In vitro

Animal experimentation remains serious problems in our society. In our society, animals are treated differently. Some people treat animals as pets and others use them for developing technology. In recent years, animals are used in order to make sure that products are safe enough to be used for humans. Also new effective medical treatments have been effectively developed because of animal experiments. However the tests that the animals are used are extremely painful and immoral. Although people…

approximately 16 billion dollars using tax payer’s money for tests being done on animals. They are also supported by the National Institutes of Health as they allocate 40% of their budget for animal testing. With using other alternatives, such as in vitro testing, computer models and simulations, stem cells, genetic testing methods and many more, large amounts of money would not be spent. They would spend about 600 million dollars and these alternatives are much cheaper and reliable. This would…

Within the last decade or two scientists started doing extensive research projects on human DNA. Scientists hoped to find ways to prevent diseases, and in some cases get rid of them all together. In recent years they have found that by genetically altering the DNA makeup of an embryo they can change characteristics and cut out entire DNA strands of diseases altogether. Science has made it possible for parents to begin choosing characteristics that they wish to have in their children. The…

What comes to mind when someone says animal testing? Do you see medical advancements or do you see animals being used as test subjects? When some people hear the words animal testing, they think of both sides. Animal testing has helped scientists perform miracles in the medical field. However, new technology has helped come up with different ways of testing that doesn’t involve animals. Some people believe that many years from now, the world will have little to no animal testing because of…

Exercise, particularly endurance exercise, has salutary effects on brain health and cognitive function [27, 28, 29]. This upliftment in cognitive function with exercise has been most often appreciated in the aging community [30]. Exercise has also been reported to ameliorate outcomes in neurological diseases such as depression, epilepsy, stroke, AD, and Parkinson’s disease [31–36]. The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are most discernible in the hippocampus and its dentate gyrus,…

Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized, post-mitotic tissue that must withstand chronic mechanical and physiological stress throughout life to maintain proper contractile function. Muscle damage or disease leads to progressive weakness and disability, and manifests in more than 100 different human disorders, including DMD, the most common X-linked genetic disorder in humans, and BMD. Current treatment options for muscular dystrophies are disappointingly limited and focus mainly on managing…

isoforms including the neuronal (nNOS), endothelial, and inducible have currently been identified. Since NO overproduction is able to contribute to various pathophysiological conditions, NOS inhibitors are considered as potential therapeutic agents. In vitro: Vinyl-L-NIO was identified as a potent and selective inhibitor of nNOS. The Ki values for inhibition of nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS are 100 nM, 12 and 60 µM, respectively, as determined using initial rate measurements.…

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia as PJP first came into attention Central and Eastern Europe during WWII as malnourished and premature infants began to suffer from a case of interstitial pneumonia (Bennett and Gilroy, 2016). The disease then came into the forefront in the medical world with the outbreak of malnourishment of Iranian children in the 1950s (Stringer et al, 2002). In 1981, there were 5 reported cases of homosexual men suffering with PJP as well (Bennett and…

(directly) to become whole organisms” (Saltzberg 600). Once removed, they obtain the ability to grow indefinitely in tissue culture and to be programmed to become any type of cell desired (Bellomo 37). Obtained from unused fertilized eggs created in vitro,these valuable pluripotent cells are what are referred to as the embryonic stem cells- this is when the moral controversy…

These include in vitro testing and microfluidic chip testing. In vitro testing involves taking cells from humans and animals and then inserting the drug to the cells to see how they react. This is effective in seeing how cell 's react yet does not replace "whole body testing"(Alternative to Animals)…