Holy Roman Empire

Orlando Roman Intro: International Relations 8:00 a.m. T/R Project # 1 The Treaty of Westphalia Introduction The Treaty of Westphalia was a series of drafted peace treaties that went on in Central Europe between 1644 and 1648. The main purpose of the treaty was to end the Thirty Year War in the Holy Roman Empire and ultimately ended the Eighty Year war between Spain and the Dutch Republic as well. A total of 194 delegations representing a variety of European powers came together to ratify…

Calvinists were not included in the Peace of Augsburg, they were not protected and tolerated and therefore should be persecuted. This allied Lutherans and Calvinists against Ferdinand and the Catholics. Protestant alliances formed against the Holy Roman Empire and Spain’s…

against the Roman Empire began the war, it eventually involved most of Europe. In its final years, religion divided power between Austria and Spain on one side and France on the other. The war proved that neither Catholics nor Protestants were powerful enough to take over Europe. Freedom of worship became limited in all countries; however, it was tolerated in Germany. “The Thirty year War radically altered the balance of political power among the countries of Europe.”(Asch) The Roman Empire…

Emperor Charles V was a Spanish ruler and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The painting is of Charles V after his victory at the battle of Muhlberg which won him the Schmalkaldic War, (“Schmalkaldic War (1546–1547)” Encyclopedia.com). Emperor Charles seeked to unite Europe under Roman Catholic but with the rising numbers of Protestants he declared war on Protestantism. Charles V was a failure not only because he failed to unite Europe but because he tried to use religion to control and unite…

It began in Italy during the crusades Italian cities such as Venice, Milan, and Genoa prospered from trade with the crusaders and the Muslim world. The fall of the Byzantine empire of 1453 opened more doors of opportunity for Italian merchants. Florence became the banking capital to fund trade and keep the finances of the Roman Catholic Church in order. Double entry book keeping, which is debits and credits, were invented in Florence. The prosperous trade allowed Italian cities to win their…

allies against the Holy Roman Empire, and its allies. While Gustav had an heir in his daughter Christina, she was only 6 years old at the time of her father’s death, and could not take power to the throne until her 18th birthday, per the Swedish laws of primogeniture. She was, however, officially crowned while yet a girl of 6, due to Sweden’s rule of law requiring a vote of the estates for…

smaller areas, as compared to the entirety of Western Europe. Additionally, Roman Catholic popes found themselves…

powerful families in the world, who dominated the political landscape across Europe for much of the Medieval ages and throughout the Renaissance. The Hapsburg family ruled a large variety of different nations throughout its reign, including the Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Hungary-Croatia, colonial possessions in the New World, and other nations. The Hapsburgs were an incredibly powerful royal house throughout the ages that would forever shape the world and European…

continent of Europe in a state of war. The Thirty Years War was caused by religious divisions among the protestants and the Roman Catholics in a struggle for the balance of power. The Thirty Years War had many consequences and benefits for different countries, but undoubtedly changed Europe in religious, social, and political ways. In the war between the Protestants and the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestants had the favorable outcome. A lot of central power was taken away from Catholic…

To have a name which lights at least a little tiny spark of interest from almost every human being on Earth, is a talent that not many people have much claim to. If he was still alive, there is barely any doubt that Napoleon Bonaparte would be very proud. Bonaparte, who died close to two hundred years ago, still seems to be in the land of the living. This man changed the course of history, shaping the world into what it is today. All of this may sound as though he were some kind of priest, but…