Electron

it to carry out its job and that determines its functions and properties. Structure of water Water the molecule In a water molecule, there is one oxygen that has six valence electrons in its outer shell and acts as the central atom. Two of these electrons is shared with the two hydrogen atoms which have one valance electron each in their outer shell giving a chemical formula of H2O. This shared pair helps to fill…

element to attract electrons to form bonds. Now atoms like to fulfil the octet rule of having a perfect 8 outer shell causing it to be stable. Now unfortunately not all elements have a full outer shell now elements on the left side of the periodic table contain less than half of electrons the required energy to gain electrons is much higher than comparison to trying the energy to lose an electron. So the elements on the left side when they form bonds they actually lose electrons. Now on the…

that statement in itself may not seem impressive, the atomic number of fluorine officially describes the nine units of positive charge, called protons, that correspond with nine units of negatively charged electrons. The electrons alone allow fluorine its embellishment, but the protons and electrons together provide stability for fluorine through the creation of neutral atoms. Because fluorine typically exists as a diatomic molecule (or a grouping of only two atoms that form a gaseous…

share pairs of electrons. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which are gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most valence electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability (Chem wiki) Nonmetals will readily form covalent bonds with other nonmetals in order to obtain stability, and can form anywhere between one to three covalent bonds with other nonmetals depending on how many valence electrons they…

partial double bond character. When the p-orbital of the halogen atom overlaps with the p electron cloud of benzene, its lone pair of electrons is delocalised into the aromatic ring. This results in the partial double bond character of the C-X bond which makes it more resistant to hydrolysis. (Primary reason)  The benzene ring has its own supply of p electrons. Since a nucleophile carries with it its own electrons, its path of attack will be hindered due to electronic repulsion between the two.…

has an electrical charge because it has either gained or lost an electron.) When you put salt in water, the water molecules pull the sodium and chlorine ions apart so they are floating freely. These ions are what carry electricity through water. What happens is the solution of the water and the salt is transformed…

temperature is resulted from the increase of the charge carriers that can overcome the energy barrier and participate in the electrical conduction where in metal complexes, the metal atoms act as charge carriers reservoir supply the complex with the free electrons and the metal ion can act as a bridge to facilitate the flow of current. To illustrate the effect of the metal type on the electrical resistivity of the ligand, isothermal…

of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged subatomic particles with a relative mass of one. Neutrons are neutrally charged subatomic particles with a relative mass of one as well. The nucleus contains both the protons and the neutrons. Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles with a relative mass of 1/200. Though protons and neutrally differ drastically in size, their relatives charges are equal. Protons have a charge of +1 and electrons a charge of -1.…

The Physics of PET Scans All elements are composed of atoms, which are composed of small particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus of an atom is made of a tightly packed collection of protons and neutrons. You would think that with positively charged protons being packed so closely together the nucleus would fall apart, however this is not the case. There is an attractive force called the “nuclear force” which is able to overcome the repulsive force of the adjacent…

flow of electrons move towards the largest positive terminal. The reason why copper is a good conductor is because it is able to lose electrons in its outer shell, and become slightly positive. The combination of the electrons repelling each other, and their attraction towards both the slightly positive copper atoms and positive terminal lead to the electrons bouncing off of the copper atoms. This is called electrical resistance. However, at low temperatures, usually near 10 kelvin, electrons…