Electron

different types of optical detectors available covering parts of the electromagnetic spectrum: the ultraviolet, visible and infrared, optical detectors are divided into two main categories: photon and thermal detectors. Photon detectors generate one electron for an incoming photon, which is detected by an electronic circuit, while thermal detectors convert optical energy to heat, which then generates an electrical signal.3 Herein, two types of photodetectors are examined: a PD and a PMT.…

the atomic theory are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons inhabit regions of space called orbitals. Orbitals…

His major discoveries came by doing experiments with cathode ray tubes which have electrons that emitted light when negative voltage and metal plates were added, this was the discovery of the electron or corpuscle as he named it (Unknown author, 1997). A cathode tube works by creating gaseous discharge, which "occurs in a gas at low pressure when subjected to an electrical potential difference…

Atoms, ions, and isotopes are everything you eat, breathe and see. They are everywhere and everything is made up of them. The first person that aided in the discovery of the atom was Democritus in 400 BC. He is the one that named the atom. The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos which means indivisible. Aristotle which was another flossier in at that same time disagreed with him. He believed that matter could be divide infinitely without changing its properties. At that time more people…

Early Atomic Experiments Joseph John Thomson conducted an experiment that is known today as the CRT Experiment. The outcome of this experiment was JJ’s discovery of the electron. CRT is an acronym for Cathode Ray Tube, this gives a broad concept of what the experiment is about. The basic components of the experiment include, a glass cylindrical tube with most of the air inside vacuumed out of it, and inside the tube is Electrode for each side. One of the Electrodes is negative and entitled the…

wires that allows the flow of electrons. The circuit has to be made in a circular form, as the electrons must frequently move in a full loop, in which they will return to their original position and then complete the loop again. (“What is an electric circuit?”) The battery or another source of power provides the voltage, or ‘electrical push’, that makes the electrons move through the circuit. When the electrons reach a device such as a light bulb or a TV, the electrons provide these devices with…

Elements are made of a single type of atom, which cannot be broken down into anything smaller. Inside an atom are the subatomic particles protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral), and outside are the electrons (negatively charged) that orbit the atom in an electron cloud. When two or more atoms of an element or elements bond together, they form a compound. Depending on the type of elements, there are different kinds of bonds that could form. Ionic bonds form between the atoms of at…

Those forces include gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak. The electromagnetic force is the reason why the electrons are repelled from the nucleus and the protons. The strong force is why the protons stay together in the middle. These both keep the atom from falling apart. Weak forces keep radioactive decay from transforming the nucleus into a proton or an electron. Most commonly know is gravity. Gravity impacts the less on the atom compared to the rest of the forces. Gravity affects…

on the assessment. All the tools needed to do well on the assessment were given in lecture multiple times. To start, students would correctly protonate the styrene with the sulfuric acid, but after the carbocation was formed, they would use the electrons from the negative charge of the oxygen in the HSO4- to attack the carbocation. As stated before, the correct way of going about this is having water attack the molecule. After attaching the HSO4 to the molecule, they would break off a…

To facilitate an accurate description of the localized d and f electrons in the solids, the self interaction correction is introduced. Within the LSDA, the spurious self-interaction tends to underestimate their localization. In SIC-LDA formalism, the localized electrons see a potential (SIC potential) different from that of the delocalized ones for which the self-interaction vanishes and whose potential therefore reduces to that of the LSDA. It is known that self-interaction is important only…