Cosmological constant

Ka, or the acid dissociation constant, gives a measure to which an acid dissociates in a solution. It also provides a measure of the strength of an acid. If the value of Ka is high, the said acid s largely dissociated, making the acid strong. However, when the value of Ka is small, the…

Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to use the general chemical knowledge to identify 10 different unknown solutions. There are two main techniques that were used which are, measuring their pH, and, reacting all of the solutions together. Identifying an unknown solution is an essential skill for anyone who is going to work in a lab because many times, the label might not be accurate, or damaged. Procedure: Safety Precautions: Eye protection - Avoid skin contact. Procedure: Ten…

This report will discuss multiple experiments regarding chemical equilibrium. Chemical equilibrium is when both reactants and products are both equal to each other. If one is not equal to each other, than the direction of shift will move to where equilibrium has been tampered with. Throughout all the labs, we observed that with different chemicals we have different directions of shift. From acids to bases, we see that direction of shift can vary which leads to different conclusions. We…

The purpose of this lab is to determine the Ka of an indicator within an unknown solution. This can be determined because acid-base indicators are weak bases or acids, and when neutralized they change colors. The color change is measured by the light absorption spectra in the compound which can be used to calculate the concentration. This experiment measures the concentrations by the different pH values which allows the pKa and Ka to be determined. Through the experiment, and the recorded color…

Xanthan and Chitosan concentration. The Chitosan solution pH was kept constant at 5. The above table gives the inference that when Xanthan concentration is less than or equal to 0.5% or Chitosan concentration is less than or equal to 0.5%, the capsules formed are unstable. Similarly, amorphous capsules were reported when the concentration of Xanthan was varied as shown in the given table. The Chitosan solution pH was kept constant. This phenomenon was due to the increase in viscosity of…

analyzing the rates of certain species and reactions, and is a crucial technique to predict different reactions. Kinetics is a very broad topic, thus the experiment focused only on the derivation of empirical rate laws and their corresponding rate constants. The rate of a specific reaction can be expressed with an experimentally-determined, or empirical, rate law in the form of rate = k[A]x[B]y[C]z. The exponents x, y, and z depend on the term…

B. Buffers. 1. Two solutions, A. being 1.0 x HCl, and B. being 0.10 M will be given, as well as buffer solution 1 M NaOH. 2. Have 25 mL of solution A. and B. in two separate beakers. 3. Check the pH of both solutions without any NaOH first. Then begin checking pH after 1 drop, then after 10 drops, and lastly 25 drops. After each set of drops be sure to mix solutions. 4. Compare both sets of pH to determine which had an easier time resisting change. C. Titration curves. 1. Insert NaOH into…

Scientists use a scale to measure how acidic or basic a liquid is. That scale is called a pH scale. The pH scale is a number from zero to fourteen. Accordingly, zero to seven liquids are considered acid. However, seven is considered a neutral, like distilled water. Therefore, eight to fourteen the liquids are considered basic. For instance, a pH of two is going to be an acidic liquid. Thus, a pH of twelve would be measured as a basic liquid. Additionally, a strip of litmus paper will…

curve that shows how the pH changes when the titrant is being added. Buffer solution: buffer solution is simply a mixture that contains either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It is used for keeping the pH constant in a solution. Standardization: If there is an unknown solution, titration which is used for identifying the concentration of a known solution to find out the unknown solution’s concentration is called standardization. 2) Necessaries for a…

The purpose of the experiment is to determine the equilibrium constant of the reaction between Fe3+ ions and SCN2+ ions. In solutions one to five (the reference solutions), a large volume of concentrated Fe3+ ions was used in order to react with and convert all of the SCN2+ ions into FeSCN2+ ions. In solutions six to ten (the test solutions), a constant volume of Fe3+--in lesser concentration--and varying volumes of SCN2+ ions were diluted with DI water and reacted to produce an unknown amount…