Cognitive bias

These errors, collectively labeled cognitive biases, tend to impede the negotiator performance”. These aspects are demonstrated in the secret ballot scene, where Juror #8 convinced the group to institute a second round of voting, where he used the logrolling negotiating technique. If the…

Two that I will discuss are social and individual. Social biases are ones that involve aspects of everyday life. An example is hindsight bias, or when you believe you knew something along even though you did not. An individual bias is a bias that you hold against an individual group. These are typically implicit biases, subconscious opinions that come from cognitive processes. An example of this is an implicit stereotype against…

completely wrong. There is an issue with this idealized world, and it leaves us susceptible to one of the most common and powerful biases: the confirmation bias. The confirmation bias is the “tendency to interpret new information so that it becomes compatible with our existing theories beliefs and convictions” (Dobelli 19). You succumb to this bias whenever you disregard information that contradicts your established beliefs. Thus, to protect your beliefs, you simply disregard contradictory…

under Uncertainty”, psychologists Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic and Amos Tversky published their findings on cognitive bias in which they define cognitive bias as the disposition that people have of making decisions or taking actions in an illogical manner. Some biases may relate to memory and some biases may have to do more with attention. For example, the way an individual remembers a…

The prerequisites provided by Achinstein insufficiently capture all of the evidential relationships. Here it is important to look for prerequisites that cover the whole landscape and demarcate it into sensible divisions. Reiss (2015) argues that a theory of evidence should be informative about how to gather evidence and when to be justified in believing a hypothesis on the basis of evidence in non-ideal scenarios as well as ideal ones. He puts forward four desiderata for a theory of evidence. It…

This step involves selecting information from our environment and arranging it in a meaningful, logical order. We use perceptual schema (also known as cognitive frameworks) to order the information we’ve received. In our scenario we use all four schema to give credence to our analysis; physical constructs (age and appearance), role constructs (title and position), interaction constructs (social impression)…

speaks. However, unbeknownst to the gun clerk the actual language is Persian. Regardless the judgement escalates and has the gun clerk assume the worse, that Farhad is a terrorist, causing him to kick him out the store. In this scene another attribution bias present is the fundamental attribution error. Fundamental attribution error is an emphasis on internal characteristics to explain an individual’s behavior instead of taking into consideration external factors. Farhad speaks his native…

Contextual bias occurs when the investigators uses irrelevant facts to prove the guilt of a suspect, while confirmation bias occurs when they specifically look for facts that prove a previous assumption. Avoidance of cognitive dissonance occurs when the investigators refuse to accept new information that can disprove their theories. Like the arson study, other investigators conducted studies about how much these forms of bias can influence evidence interpretations. For…

The effect of personal anecdotal evidence on confirmation bias. Confirmation bias is the common human tendency to notice or seek out information which confirms our already existing beliefs while ignoring evidence which conflicts our beliefs. It is particularly prevalent in cases where our beliefs are mere prejudice or based on superstition. Confirmation bias is the reason why many people believe in the supernatural such as ESP, lucky charms or the lunar effect: a claim that human behaviour is…

as serious as some would make out; he cannot always avoid every possible dangerous contingency and still live” consequently what this means is that there is the point that he holds that something would have to kill him eventually if not smoking. Cognitive dissonance is a psychological activity or condition that aids in the reduction of the effect of dissonance. If the smoker for instance chooses to stop smoking his cognition of…