Cognitive biases

Intelligence and Policy Midterm Definitions Cognitive Biases: Cognitive Biases are the expectations analysts carry with them before they even approach raw data. These biases originate in the analyst’s education, experiences, upbringings, and cultural history, including plays, literature or national songs. Cognitive biases can come in several different forms, one of which is the expectation that the world is coherent, rational, and that states will seek to maximize their material and strategic benefits. Biases can also originate in an analysts’ belief in their target’s inferiority. An example of this is the Nazi’s belief that Slavic Soviet peoples were inferior and therefore incapable of mounting an effective resistance to their invasion. Analysts can also be biased by ethnocentrism when they assume that their cultural values and…

I. Background A profound and prolific Danish existentialist philosopher, theologian, psychologist, social critic and writer in nineteenth century, Søren Kierkegaard, stated “There are two ways to be fooled. One is to believe what isn't true; the other is to refuse to believe what is true.” His statement is exactly what to refer to in how cognitive biases may affect judicial decisions. The judges or jurors in the court are limited human observers; therefore, they are confined by the boundaries of…

Interpersonal Communication Assignment 1: Essay A+ = Situations are perceptively explained. Appropriate theories are defined well and applied accurately to the situations discussed. Analysis shows abstract thinking and insight. Clear evidence and specific examples given that show that the student has drawn original conclusions from their reflections. Self-evaluation shows that the student has extracted and internalised the personal significance of their reflections. Includes a wide range…

Depression: A Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective Aetiology of depression is multifactorial, with risk factors including low levels of parental warmth, high levels of family hostility, abuse and poverty (Gledhill & Hodes, 2010). Environment, cognitive and behavior are significant factors that cause the onset and duration of depression (Carvalho, Trent, & Hopko, 2011). Depression can affect all aspects of life, and may even lead to more serious problems including suicide. Although there is still a…

Cognitive bias is a limitation in objective thinking that is caused by the tendency for the human brain to perceive information through a filter of personal experience and preferences. Cognitive biases are often a result of an attempt to simplify information processing. Psychologists Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky introduced the concept of psychological bias in the early 1970s. They published their findings in their 1982 book, "Judgment Under Uncertainty." Becuase of the sheer…

decisions that people make are tainted with errors and swayed in large part by a huge range of biases. In their book “Judgment under Uncertainty”, psychologists Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic and Amos Tversky published their findings on cognitive bias in which they define cognitive bias as the disposition that people have of making decisions or taking actions in an illogical manner. Some biases may relate to memory and some biases may have to do more with attention. For example, the way an…

GlucoGage with their smartphones within the month, but that it was suspected this number was inaccurate. I was asked to determine the actual number of smartphone-using customers wait a month between syncing their readings. I stated that I believed 25% of smartphone-using customers wait a month before syncing their GlucoGauge readings. Refection While taking part in this simulation, I found it was often difficult to make informed decisions, due to this ambiguity. Not only was I faced with…

A cognitive bias is a common tendency to acquire and process information by filtering it through one's own likes, dislikes, and experiences. These are often studied in psychology and behavioral economics. There are many types of these cognitive biases, which analyze the reasons why we think what we think. The cognitive biases are all the different ways that our brains process information and sort through situations. We think of these through situational experiences and formulate perceptions from…

A cognitive bias is the common tendency to acquire and process information by filtering it through one's own likes, dislikes, and experiences. These biases are often studied in psychology and behavioral economics. There are many types of these cognitive biases, which influence the reasons why we think what we think. The cognitive biases are all the different ways that our brains process information and sort through situations. Novel experiences become part of our memory as we experience them.…

Cognitive styles are ways that people perceive, think, and solve problems (Witkin, Moore, Goodenough, & Cox, 1977). They are stable attitudes, preferences, or habitual strategies that people use to learn and relate to others (Messick, 1976). They are psychological dimensions that represent consistencies in how an individual acquires and processes information (Ausburn &Ausburn,1978; Messick,1984). Researchers proposed one important Cognitive style: field-dependence and field-independence. A…