Cartilage

production of lesions on joints, which can cause severe damage that lead to cartilage destruction and bone erosion, and eventually to the loss of joint functions [1, 2]. The synovial fluid and the serum of RA patients contain high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [3, 4]. The high levels of TNF-α are produced mainly by macrophages and can induce cartilage degradation and induce antigen-presenting cells triggers TH17…

feet up at the end of the day. As a consequence, the knee takes a lot of abuse and can wear out prematurely as a result of the constant loads that one puts it under day in and day out. The knee is made up of a collection of bones, ligaments, and cartilage that work together to act as shock absorbers to transfer load throughout the leg. The femur comes down along the thigh and enters the patella (also known as the knee cap), which connects to the tibia below the knee. Ligaments such as the…

Neoceratodus – * Neoceratodus is commonly known as Australian lung fish. *It is described as “living fossil” as it has undergone little changes during nearly 300 million years. *It is found in rivers and pools of Australia.…

over the traditional one. It has many benefits such as magnification, suboptimal view of middle turbinate, better illumination and visualization. Separation of collagenous fibers connecting the perichondrium and periostium to underlying bone and cartilage is made visible with endoscope during surgical dissection. Mucosal disruptions are recognized immediately, and their size may be controlled using careful and meticulous dissection. Iidocaine and epinephrine are used to minimise bleeding and a…

can be very painful. Osteoarthritis affects the bones and joints. There are two types “wear and tear” and the specific cause osteoarthritis. Wear and tear osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage begins to break down over time. Cartilage is important because it is the tissue that protects the joints. Without cartilage, the bones will start to rub against each other which will cause pain, swelling, and maybe even the loss of motion. Over time it could lead to bone spurs and the joint losing its…

the gooey liquid known as synovial fluid, which lubricates our joints. Synovial fluid is like a clear and slippery water that is filled with lipids (predominant fat) and proteins, which cushion the cartilage, permitting the joints to move conveniently. As these main fluids shrink, wear on the cartilage increases, causing joint pains, weak spot and inflammation. Joint ache is particularly original and may restrict one from dwelling a full and energetic lifestyles. Whether or not brought on by…

periosteum transform causing the osteoblasts to produce woven bone. This forms with the fibroblasts which forms hyaline cartilage and connects the two sides of the fracture. The gap is bridged and strength is gained. Hyaline cartilage is replaced by lamellar bone, some of the woven bone remains. The hyaline cartilage contains micro vessels and multiple osteoblasts. Hyaline cartilage is the replaced by trabecular bone and most of the original strength is…

Osteoarthritis - osteoarthritis treatment Osteoarthritis - Summary Arthritis (from Greek "Arthrosis") is a medical term for lesions in the joints. At Genesis is a gradual breakdown of the cartilage that covers the wrist bone ends. For more severe arthritis causing cartilage decrease growth of the bones around the joint which can lead to deformities, and that activity ability impaired. Osteoarthritis may be more or less developed, and cause anything from mild discomfort to significantly painful…

repair of torn structures, for instance : ligament reconstruction in the knee (ACL or PCL reconstruction) , stabilisation of the shoulder or repair of the rotator cuff tendons. Other procedures include removal of loose debris and trimming damaged cartilage. If the need arises other joints can also be arthroscope ie. the elbow, ankle, wrist and hand. Some common conditions in which our surgeons routinely use arthroscopy…

their life. Ossification is the gradual replacement of cartilage and its intercellular substance by bone cells that are immature, and calcium deposits. • What are the roles of Osteoclasts and bone formation? Osteoclasts are large cells that have the function of reabsorbing bony tissue. They digest bone tissue from the inner sides of bones, which enlarges the…