ATP synthase

The hypothesis in the beginning of this experiment was that various carbohydrates have different rates of respiration by a yeast culture raised on glucose. The differences in time for respiration to peak for the other sugars were due to enzyme regulation called induction. This is the time required for the glucose fed yeast culture to alter its enzymatic machinery to process sugars other than glucose for oxidative respiration. The different rates of respiration for each sugar was measured by the…

germination and temperature of environment effect respiration rate of seeds. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cellular Respiration: Is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. Sugar + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP). In eukaryotic organisms, respiration occurs to maximize ATP production; this is contrary to anaerobic respiration, which occurs during the absence of a ready supply of oxygen (mostly in prokaryotic organisms). Plants are autotrophs,…

hydrolysis of pyrophosphates, inorganic phosphates can be created. P2O-47 + H2O 2 HPO-24 Phosphates are most commonly present in DNA, RNA and in adenosine phosphates (ATP,ADP and AMP) and released during hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. In living organisms, phosphoanhydride bond in ATP, ADP and other nucleotide triphosphates and diphosphates provides high energy to them . Phosphates are used as buffering agent. Importance of Phosphate group: Phosphate groups are…

During this 2 ATP and 2 NADH are produced through 10 steps. The first five steps consume ATP whilst the remaining stages release ATP. The regulation of Glycolysis is maintained by steps one, three and ten. In step one, hexokinase is inhibited by C6 preventing any further phosphorylation of Glucose. In step three, the allosteric enzyme Phosphofructokinase in which is inhibited by high levels of ATP and citrate, together this makes phosphofructokinase the regulator of ATP production. In step…

distribution of glucose occurred ATP molecules formed passes to the next stage of respiration. The energy used to break the sugar molecules is provided by two molecules of ATP. Since glycolysis proceeds more energy is released and the energy used to make four ATP molecules. From the above statement you can see that photosynthesis contributes only two molecules of ATP used in glycolysis, but the process gives four molecules of energy, showing a net gain of two ATP…

There are two different ways that electron flows, cyclic and noncyclic (linear). Noncyclic Electron flow is important for processes such as the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, since it is the key to the energy transformation in these mechanisms (Campbell 195). Linear/Noncyclic electron flow occurs mainly during light reactions of photosynthesis by having the flow of electrons go through the photosystems and other molecular components that are built into the thylakoid membrane (Campbell 195). They…

Abstract The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is central to the formation of usable energy forms in cells. This essay will give detail on how this is achieved and the cycle’s links to other metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation. It will also explore how the cycle functions in anabolic and catabolic forms while replenishing used intermediates before examining how the cycle is regulated. Introduction The citric acid cycle being named…

nerve injury. These changes are caused by an increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, decreased expression and sensitivity to potassium channels, increased satellite cell coupling by gap junctions, increased sensitivity to ATP, and the release of ATP and…

process of breaking down food in the presence of oxygen to form ATP. ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate which is an energy bearing molecule found in all living cells1. Things such as bacteria can perform this with their outer membranes. When a person runs, they use cellular respiration to create energy in the form of ATP which allows their muscles to move. Many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are done using the energy from ATP molecules1. There are two types of respiration:…

Necrosis occurs as a result of external injury due to cellular injury, bacterial toxin or trauma to a particular area of the body. Necrosis differs from apoptosis in a couple of ways. First, the morphological changes that a cell undergoes are different in necrosis compared to apoptosis. Secondly, apoptosis is highly regulated, however, necrosis is unregulated. The morphological changes that a cell undergoes during necrosis are the swelling of the cytoplasm, irreversible damage to the plasma…