ATP synthase

ATP (energy) can be produced only when a proton motive force (pmf) is generated across this membrane. The pmf is defined as the potential gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. It is created by the selective extrusion of protons to the outside. The…

Cellular respiration is a 3 step process that makes energy. Every organism on earth needs cellular respiration to survive because without energy an organism cannot survive. The chemical formula for cellular respiration is C6H12O6+6O2 > 6CO2+6H2O+38 ATP. So how do runners perform cellular respiration in a race? First the runner must breath in and air goes through the mouth and through the air way to get to the lungs. The lungs then take oxygen from the air and diffuse it into the blood. The…

respiration is to make ATP and water. Cellular respiration requires oxygen and it generates carbon dioxide. Gases are exchanged with the environment. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, so energy starts in chemical bonds of organic molecules, but ends up in ATP bonds. Chemical energy is transferred from one molecule to another. Covalent bonds break in organic molecules, and energized electrons are released. Oxidative phosphorylation is when energy from electrons is used to make ATP in the…

protons utilize the ATP synthase enzyme, the movement of protons cause the enzyme to rotate (much like a water wheel) this is favorable because it harnesses the gradient and does not expend energy. and produces. To stimulate the movement protons however, they must pass through a ring of c-subunits which are then pushed to rotate this ring is tightly attached to nucleotide binding sites which when interacting with the stalk that connects them to the c-ring, morph and synthesize ATP, from ADP and…

Catabolic enzymes breakdown polymers, anabolic enzymes bond monomers together to form polymers. For example, lactase is an enzyme that breaks down milk, which lactose intolerant people lack. ATP synthase is an anabolic enzyme which adds a phosphate to ADP to make ATP. Both types of enzymes are necessary for organisms to survive. In this lab, the enzyme peroxidase was used. Peroxidase breaks down peroxide, a byproduct of cellular respiration. The reaction occurs as follows:…

process where plants use light energy and convert it into chemical energy is called photosynthesis. Plants have parts of them like the chlorophyll that is present inside the chloroplast that soak in light starting a process that will end up making ATP. Carbohydrates within the plants are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. When photosynthesis occurs then sunlight is turned into sugar and this sugar is kept in the molecular bonds of the sugar molecules that are present within the plant.…

phosphorylation process of aerobic respiration (which happens in the electron transport chain). This is reflected in the patients by the low concentration of ATP and a decrease in the muscle cell phosphorylation potential (medicineplus.gov) which would also lead to the accumulation of inorganic phosphate and ADP and the inhibition of the enzyme ATP Synthase, and inorganic molecule pump reactions. The inability of these reactions happening results in the early muscle fatigue and contractures…

The ATP molecule consists of a sugar molecule (ribose) attached to a base that is composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms (adenine). Attached to the other side of the ribose are three phosphate groups (a phosphate group consists of one phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms). * ATP Hydrolysis Powers Cellular Work The phosphate bonds in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) can be broken down by water. When ATP loses a phosphate group in water, this releases energy and creates the products ADP (adenosine…

Many endosymbiotic theories have figured in opinion about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. More than 20 different versions of Endosymbiotic theories have been presented in literature to explain the origin of eukaryotes and their mitochondria (Martin, Garg and Zimorski, 2015, p.1678). A Prokaryotic cell contains structural components such as: Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria contain a thick cell wall with many layers of peptidoglycan…

FECD (**). Although mitochondrial damage is correlated to cell death, its effects could be more subtle when the damage to the organelle is not severe. Specifically, when mitochondrial damage is not severe, the cellular functions could be impacted by ATP depletion. The latter can subvert activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (necessary for fluid pump activity) and integrity of the actin cytoskeleton (**) leading to compromised fluid pump and barrier functions, respectively. Thus, the goal of this experiment…