ATP synthase

Background: Photosynthesis is the process by which photoautotrophs convert photons of kinetic light energy into potential chemical energy (food) by synthesizing glucose from water and carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen as a waste product. Sunlight radiation travels in waves but acts like particles of energy called photons. During photosynthesis, these photons are harvested to produce chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. Autotrophs are “self-feeder” organisms that make their own…

Introduction: DNP and research question The organic compound 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is a crystalline solid with the molecular formula C6H4N2O5. The molecule is soluble in water to some extent and is fully soluble in sodium and potassium hydroxide solutions. The compound can also be explosive. It is usually used in dye, weed killers, wood preserver, photographic development among other things and it has even been used as a weight loss agent. In fact, it has been claimed to be the king of the…

Sodium Azide There is perhaps not a lot known about this chemical and what it can do to/for people. One important aspect is to know what the chemical is made of, doing so will give someone a general look into its makeup. Secondly, “What is something we use this chemical for in everyday life”. Lastly, “How does this affect our cell breathing process?” From these topics, one can gather a general sense of what this substance does and whether or not it should be strayed away from. Of course it…

Photosynthesis is a biochemical process from light using energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as reactants to produce oxygen and organic compounds like carbohydrates (Campbell et al. 2015). Photosynthesis takes place in photoautotrophs including all plants, algae, some kinds of bacteria, and protists. The simplified equation is: CO2 + H2O → carbohydrates + O2. (Sadava et al. 2014). It is broken down into two parts: light reaction and light-independent reaction (Campbell…

Homeostasis - Stephie Loncar Homeostasis is the process within mammals where the body systems work together to maintain a stable response to a fluctuating environment within the body due to changes in the external environment and input into the body. This has an adaptive advantage over those who do not have this ability meaning an animal can adapt to a changing environment. However, within normal range limits only extreme conditions will lead to the breakdown of the negative feedback system and…

respiratory chain corresponds to a combination of protein complexes present in the internal membrane of the mitochondria and responsible, with ATP synthetase, for oxidative phosphorylation. This process associates the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, both produced in the dif-ferent catabolic pathways of the organism (glycolysis, Krebs cycle), to the production of ATP and this thanks to the formation of proton gradient. The electron transporters Throughout the respiratory chain, electrons from…

Within the mitochondria of the cell, there is a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which acts to oxidize the pyruvate [5]. This produces NADH and FADH2 which become oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation machinery leading an increase in ATP. This ATP increase goes on to inhibit an ATP sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) [17]. This then leads to the membrane becoming depolarised which triggers an influx of Ca2+ ions. These Ca2+ ions cause the migration of a vesicle containing insulin to move to…

Sprint interval training (SIT) is a subclass of high intensity interval training (HIIT), defined as “4 to 6 repeated bouts of high intensity, short duration (<30 s) sprints followed by a relatively long recovery time (~4min).”1,2 In contrast to SIT, traditional endurance (TE) requires more time and is typically performed at submaximal levels. Past research has shown that SIT typically improves anaerobic performance while TE typically improves aerobic performance.3,4 However, more recently…

This research study looked at the role of lipogenesis in sepsis. Sepsis is a very serious condition in which a pathogen, bacterial, viral, or fungal, invades the bloodstream and triggers a high inflammatory response by the immune system. The body is unable to remove the pathogen which causes an overproduction of cytokines eventually leading to organ injury and death. As the third leading cause of death in the United States, Australia, and Asia, it is important to develop a treatment for sepsis.¹…

pinatubonensis JMP134 absorbs sulfate using assimilatory sulfate reduction. With the participation of ATP, sulfate adenylyltransferase (Reut_A1530, A1531, A2692 and A2693 in C. pinatubonensis JMP134) converts the sulfate to APS (adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate), and the resulting APS is phosphorylated by adenylylsulfate kinase (Reut_A0739 and A1530) to form…