Necrosis Research Paper

Improved Essays
Necrosis occurs as a result of external injury due to cellular injury, bacterial toxin or trauma to a particular area of the body. Necrosis differs from apoptosis in a couple of ways. First, the morphological changes that a cell undergoes are different in necrosis compared to apoptosis. Secondly, apoptosis is highly regulated, however, necrosis is unregulated. The morphological changes that a cell undergoes during necrosis are the swelling of the cytoplasm, irreversible damage to the plasma membrane, organelle breakdown and the breakdown of the nucleus. (Majno) The breakdown of the nucleus happens randomly by DNAse. Necrosis is initiated because the damage to the plasma membrane leaks intracellular contents to the extracellular environment. This leakage activates many different pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. Generally signaling pathways for any cellular signaling occur in three steps: 1) Initiation 2) Propagation 3) Execution. These steps lead to a signaling cascade activation and happen consecutively. In necrotic pathways there is no clear distinction between these steps and many may occur simultaneously. Under necrotic condition a cell undergoes a variety of changes that ultimately lead to a change in how the cell actually functions. This includes change in ATP production, change in ion and cell volume regulation, calcium and overall regulation of gene transcription in a cell. When a cell undergoes a physical trauma or attack from a bacterial toxin a rapid decrease in ATP occurs because of changes to the cell. The lack of ATP results in the loss of energy of the Na+/K+/ATPase and a rapid increase in the Na+ and Cl- concentration. The change in ion concentration also changes the tonicity of the environment. Usually with necrosis a cell also undergoes an increase in cellular fluid because of the change in tonicity. (Trump) Whether a cell dies through apoptosis or necrosis depends on the cellular environment and signals. …show more content…
There are many death receptors that promote a cell to undergo necrosis. One key player in the result of necrotic cell death is Receptor Interacting Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase 1 (RIP1) and Receptor Interacting Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase 3 (RIP3) which when combined they make a necrosome. (Jog) Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 1 - associated Death Domain (TRADD) is required for the recruitment of RIP1 and RIP3 to TNFR1. RIP1 activates Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha necrosis and its phosphorylating activity activates leads to signaling cascades in other necrotic death receptors such as Fas or Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 (TNFR1). TNFR1 is activated by the binding of a ligand, such as an initiator caspase, which leads to a conformational change of the receptor. RIP1 activates Nuclear Factor - kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB.) Caspase 8 can inhibit this pathway from occurring and leads to anti-necrosis or anti-apoptotic pathway. The NF-kB pathway can be activated by TNFR1 but it can also be activated by a variety of bacterial toxins, pathogens or drugs. Some mediators of the necrotic pathway include reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium, phospholipases, proteases and ceramide. ROS is created normally in the cell through complex I and complex II of the electron transport chain. There are scavengers that get rid of the ROS and free radicals so it does not affect the body negatively. However bacterial toxins or injury can lead to a change in the ratio of scavengers to ROS and lead to necrosis. Due to similar reasons, there can be an overproduction of Ca2+ which results

Related Documents

  • Decent Essays

    Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment

    • 1647 Words
    • 7 Pages

    However if the problem is not corrected in time, irreversible damage will occur which will then will affect rate of cell death. When a cell receives a decrease in oxygen supply, the cell will go into a hypoxic state, which will…

    • 1647 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Decent Essays
  • Improved Essays

    They undergo a process called apoptosis in which cells break down and are disposed of by white blood cells. Cancer Cell Properties Cancer cells have characteristics that differ from normal cells. Cancer cells acquire the ability to reproduce uncontrollably. These cells may have gene mutations or chromosome mutations that affect the reproductive properties of the cells. Cancer cells gain control of their own growth signals and continue to multiply unchecked.…

    • 787 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Decent Essays

    Nsc 210902 Analysis

    • 145 Words
    • 1 Pages

    NSC 210902 is an ATP competitive inhibitor of CK2 [1]. Casein Kinase 2 (CK2) is a protein kinase involved in the phosphorylation of various cellular proteins, which have been essential for cell growth and transcription, as well as the regulators of cell cycle and apoptosis. It has been reported that casein kinase 2 is activated following Wnt signaling pathway activation. Abnormal CK2 expression and function have been associated with a number of pathologies, including inflammatory, infectious, and carcinogenic processes. Overexpression of CK2 is associated with cell transformation and neoplasia [1].…

    • 145 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Decent Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Scarlet Fever is an infectious bacterial disease affecting mostly children, and causing fever and a rash. It is caused by streptococci. Scarlet fever is one of those diseases that put fear into everyone's eyes when they heard someone around them had contracted it. The scarlet fever was first discovered in the 1600s by an english physician and researcher named Thomas Sydenham. Thomas had many other contributions like the treatment of smallpox.…

    • 1075 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    This causes the cell to digest itself and die, and the prions can then attack other cells. Once enough cells are killed, it can leave the visible holes in the brain. (Bassert, 2008) (U.S. Food and Drug Administration,…

    • 859 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Introduction "Death's Acre" reminisces the career of a forensic hero named Dr. Bill Bass. He is the founder of the well­known "Body Farm" at the University of Tennessee. This extraordinary site is the world's only research location committed to observing deceased human decomposition. The research information collected at the Body Farm has helped Bass and police solve many grotesque homicides and lock up some very morbid murderers. The story is based mainly around these cases, which give it a tough nosed true crime theme, but it also probes into Dr. Bass's personal life, loves, and losses as well, creating an image of a man who is an idealistic scientist, brilliant detective, eloquent ambassador for murder victims, and an ironically humorous person.…

    • 957 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Decent Essays

    Grave’s Disease is an immune system disorder of the butterfly shaped gland in the throat (thyroid) and is also known as Basedow’s disease. Etiology of it is that it makes a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which triggers the thyroid to make thyroid hormones. And with Grave’s Disease, the immune system makes antibodies that act like (TSH), causing the thyroid gland to make more thyroid hormones than your body needs called an overactive thyroid or…

    • 75 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Decent Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Necrotizing fasciitis (more commonly known as “flesh-eating bacteria”) is a fast spreading, rare disease with a twenty five percent mortality rate. It is caused by bacteria entering the body through a wound; in other words, due to a break in the integumentary system (in which the skin has failed to serve its purpose in protecting the body) these microbes are able to enter the body and destroy the body’s tissues. Early symptoms include inflamed tissue near the wound site (which is red and hot to the touch), pain that is greater than expected for the wound’s size, fever, chills, diarrhea, a fever and dehydration. More advanced symptoms include a worsening of the symptoms previously mentioned, sepsis (blood poisoning) and death. This is why…

    • 248 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Smallpox Research Paper

    • 1221 Words
    • 5 Pages

    There’s a long history of smallpox since it has been around for thousands of years. The European settlers first brought smallpox to North America in the 1600s. In 1633-1634, the disease swept through the Northeast, wiping out entire Native American tribes. Native populations in New England are thought to have plummeted by over 70 percent due to this outbreak (Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, 2012). Smallpox is spread when a person breathes it in and out.…

    • 1221 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Decent Essays

    Avascular necrosis is when your bone tissue collapses and breaks down and eventually dies due to the lack of blood supply that it gets. The Age group that the disease mostly common in is 41-60. How can you tell you have this ? We will analyze a lot of the key factors in the disease. What kind of symptoms you have during.…

    • 275 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Decent Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Anthrax Research Paper

    • 565 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. This zoonotic disease occurs naturally in many areas of the world, most commonly in agricultural regions with inadequate control programs for anthrax in livestock. The anthrax spores are the major form of the bacterium in the environment and anthrax is contracted via spore uptake. Resistance to dehydration, heat, ultraviolet light, gamma radiation and many disinfectants makes anthrax spores ideal biological weapons. These spores can be released as an aerosol, dispersed widely and are small enough in size (1 by 1.5 µm) to be inhaled and deposited in the alveoli of the lungs.…

    • 565 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    The job of a Forensic pathologist has always fascinated me. Forensic pathologist are more commonly know as medical examiners, not to be confused with a coroner. A medical examiner assists the government in determining the cause of death by examining a corpse,a process known as an autopsy. Medical examiners are not limited to forensic pathology, they can also become clinical pathologist and perform an autopsy upon request. I have always been intrigued by the science of pathology and anatomy, the human body holds a multitude of secrets and has endless capabilities.…

    • 699 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Ebola Research Paper

    • 1050 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Ebola Virus What is Ebola? Ebola is previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, which is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. It is caused by the family Filoviridae genus Ebolavirus.…

    • 1050 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Psoriasis Essay

    • 503 Words
    • 3 Pages

    We can define this process as when cells reach under the skin, they die. The surface raised in the form of red wounds, plaques which…

    • 503 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Manners Of Death Essay

    • 966 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Mechanism of death basically tells what caused the body to actually shut down or expire. For instance a gunshot to the head can cause a person to bleed to death or cause internal bleeding. Blunt trauma to the back of the head can cause internal blood flow into the lungs causes a person to drown to death from their own blood. If a person has a cardiac arrest and passes away the mechanism of death would be heart failure.…

    • 966 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays