ATP synthase

INTRODUCTION Microbes are those microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in the human body. These microbes migrate with locomotive organelles called FLAGELLA, a very vigorous nanomotor that is highly conserved across bacterial species. Flagella allow the microbes to move towards favourable environments. Further studies on flagella has revealed that it not only serves the purpose of locomotion but also plays a very crucial role in bacterial pathogenicity(14). A flagella has mainly three…

Muscle fatigue happens whenever a large portion of exercise is involved. Muscle contraction takes a lot of energy to do, using ATP, which can be derived by many sources. Creatine phosphate is the easiest available energy source for muscle fibers to use. Once that energy source is depleted, glycogen is then used through glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. If the pace of the…

How glucose levels are re-established when a disruption in the system by internal influences are made. An example of an internal influence that disrupts the negative feedback system of blood glucose regulation is diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the body is not able to absorb enough glucose into cells or does not get converted into glycogen, either because of the lack of insulin in the body or because the body does not respond to the insulin properly. Because the negative feedback…

100 Days of Horror with Bordetella Pertussis by Isabella Theamaree Fortun Bordetella pertussis is a fimbriated Gram-negative, pleomorphic, aerobic coccobacillus. It also has a surface associated microcapsule however the role of this is unknown. Bordetella species, in general, grow best at 35° to 37° C. 1 Their growth is fastidious, and this degree of fastidiousness is inversely proportional to its rate of growth.1 Among all Bordetella species, Bordetella pertussis is the most…

Alzheimer’s is a common neurodegenerative disease that accounts for the majority of all cases of dementia (Advokat, Comaty & Julien, 2014). Although the exact cause of Alzheimer’s is unknown, it is hypothesized that two systems crucial for the communication between brain cells fail due to the down regulation of acetylcholine and the over activation of glutamate, which result in the death of neurons (IOS Press, 2008). It is believed to involve the irreversible loss of cholinergic neurons,…

carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid catabolism in flight muscle and heart were measured as well as the required energy demand. It was determined that the high ATP requirement of short term hoovering can only be supported by the oxidation of carbohydrate. Muscles also have the capability of fat oxidation, which can support a lower rate of ATP turnover for migratory flight. Mitochondria in flight muscles oxidize pyruvate and palmitoyl-CoA equally well (Suarez et al. 1986). 3. Digestive physiology…

Oaks trees (Quercus species) have adaptations to withstand drought but the trade off of those adaptations is multiple long-term negative effects on photosynthesis. These adaptations help to tolerate harsh conditions, specifically in drought. In situations of long periods of drought it has been researched that oak trees lose their ability to effectively perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which sunlight is converted in to chemical energy. Plants make their own food by using…

and Nusse., 2012). Regulation and degradation of CTNNB1 take place at the cellular level through phosphorylation of serine and/or threonine amino acid residues. Specific kinase proteins responsible for activation or degradation of CTNNB1, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylate Ser33, Ser37 and Thr41 residues in order degrade CTNNB1. Similarly, casein kinase-1 (CK1) at Ser45 residue (Fang et al., 2007). Activation CTNNB1 happen…

Clostridium tetani is a bacillus, or rod-shaped bacteria responsible for the often-fatal disease tetanus. The word tetanus originated from the Greek word tetanos, which means to ‘stretch’. It is a Gram-positive bacterium and often appears to be shaped like a tennis racket, drumstick, or club when stained. This unusual appearance is the result of sporulation that occurs within the cell. C. tetani is an obligate anaerobe and relies solely on fermentation. Since it is an obligate anaerobe, this…

Preclinical points of view Metformin improves the insulin resistance primarily in muscle, liver, and adipose tissues by reducing the liver glucose output, largely due to a diminution in the rate of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (97). Various beneficial effects of metformin include attenuation of abnormal glucose metabolism, weight loss, improvement of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, subclinical inflammation, lipid-lowering properties, antineoplastic potential and cardiovascular…