Adenosine

What is UGT1A4? The majority of drugs are metabolized to form compounds that are more polar in structure than their parental precursors. The ultimate goal is to 1) increase the hydrophilicity of the presented compounds along with their molecular weight, 2) inactivate their biological effects and 3) facilitate their efflux from the cells, subsequently followed by excretion into bile or urine1. The metabolic enzymes in charge of this process are traditionally organized into two separate…

Active and passive transport move oxygen, water, and nutrients into cells and remove waste. Active transport requires a chemical energy because it moves from lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. It uses ATP to pump the molecules against the concentration, which requires cellular of solute. Passive transport moves from areas at a higher concentration to low concentrations, so it doesn’t require energy. Active transport takes place in the membranes of both the mitochondria and…

Recent Insights into the Structure, Regulation, and Function of the V-ATPases Vacuolar ATPases are proton pumps that are dependent on ATP. They are involved with processes along the plasma membrane. The processes involved are membrane traffic, protein degradation, bone resorption, tumor cell invasion, and pH homeostasis. There has been a better understanding of the structure and mechanism of V-ATPases. Another thing brought to light, are the mechanisms that occur to regulate its activity in…

Hypothesis: Our reagent, Malonate, is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial enzyme Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) that will bind to the active site of the enzyme and result in a decrease of enzyme activity. Justification: Any agent that interferes with enzyme activity is an inhibitor. Inhibitors can affect the catalysis and/or the binding of enzymes to substrate. Malonate is an inhibitor of SDH primarily because of its shape and function, as the shape is similar to that of succinate (Clark, 2009).…

26. In point form list four ways in which photosynthesis and cellular respiration and interdependent. Include the specific stages and molecules for both processes in your answers. 1. The glucose formed during the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis by some G3P molecules breaking off is used to release ATP during cellular respiration. 2. The splitting of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis in Photosystem II produces oxygen that releases into the air as carbon dioxide. The oxygen from…

There's various types of ways an organism can live, one being autotrophic. Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from living beings. They're the producers of the biosphere because they can release organic molecules. Most autotrophs get their energy from photosynthesis. They store their chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules that they build themselves. Autotrophs are the ultimate source of organic compounds producing organic molecules and that's the direct link…

The human body has three energy systems within it which enable us to move for everyday use, as well as for any other type of movement we need to do. Depending on the type of movement the body does, one of the three energy systems is individually selected to best suite the movement for the particular situation. Different types of exercise training would of course require a a different type of energy system, dependent upon what type of exercising is occurring. Although, no matter what type of…

Mitochondrial Origin and Endosymbiosis Numerous biological processes depend on the generation and recycling of ATP to maintain homeostasis and carry out vital roles within a cell. Without mitochondria, the generation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. Cellular energy metabolism generates the most ATP within the mitochondria and during oxidative phosphorylation. Comparison of the different endosymbiosis theories, evolutionary time frames, mechanisms, and genetic testing can…

Introduction: Cellular Respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. This occurs in three phases: glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. When measuring consumption of oxygen during the oxidation of glucose, respirometers are used. Respirometers are devices that measure these types of gas volume changes, and…

The purpose of this lab was to hypothesize about cellular energetics and measuring the rates of respiration and photosynthesis, explain what cellular respiration and its aspects such as glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain then how each process is involved in producing ATP and why fermentation occurs. This lab had two parts to the experiment. Experiment A analyzed cellular respiration by measuring the production carbon dioxide with various forms of sugar. Experiment B examined…