Acetylcholine

bronchial smooth muscle excitation. Bronchial smooth muscle is innervated by parasympathetic cholinergic nerves for contractile forces and by parasympathetic noncholinergic nerves for relaxant forces. Specifically, cholinergic nerves that secrete acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors cause smooth muscle excitation and adrenergic nerves that emit catecholamines to adrenoceptors result in smooth muscle inhibition. There are varied neural and chemical receptors that begin these reactions. Bronchial…

disease. The immune system produces immunoglobulin G antibodies against voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) residing on the cell membrane of the presynaptic nerve ending.1,3,5,6 The etiology of LEMS is decreased exocytosis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from presynaptic neurons into the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) caused by autoantibodies attacking VGCCs.3,7.10 There are two distinct groups of LEMS patients: those with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and those without SCLC. SCLS is…

pocket formed around the end of a motor neuron by the sarcolemma, or the cell membrane of a muscle cell. Each motor end plate is mitochondria-dense because a lot of energy is needed for the release and re-uptake of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Once acetylcholine crosses the…

Their targets are ion channels and receptors in the neuromuscular system. The venom of Conus geographus contains high-affinity peptides that act on voltage-sensitive calcium channels, sodium Channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and vasopressin receptors; many more peptides with still uncharacterized receptor targets are present in this venom. It now seems that the Conus species (approximately 500 in number) will each use a distinctive assortment of peptides…

Alzheimer’s is cellular disease that affects your neurons. The neurons are the cells in your brain, which forms a network of communication with other surrounding nerve cells. This helps transmit signals throughout the body. Alzheimer’s is a very serious and emotionally excruciating disease. While many diseases wound people physically, Alzheimer’s is a disease that takes away persons inner self. In other words, Alzheimer’s robs a person of their mentality, self-respect and free-choice.…

communication between nerves and muscles is disturbed. The nerve endings will usually release a neurotransmitter substance called acetylcholine to the body’s muscles. Acetylcholine generates a muscle contraction. Those with myasthenia gravis have an absence of acetylcholine. In the case of myasthenia gravis, the body’s antibodies stop, change, or kill the acetylcholine receptors, inhibiting the muscle from contracting.The immune system creates these antibodies to fight off infection.…

Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia and is also the most common form of it. It is According to the Alzheimer’s Association, it accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia. This disease is an advanced loss of intellectual function that eventually interferes with someone’s day to day living; such as relationships, work ethic, and even personal hygiene. With Alzheimer’s, there is a lack of ambition, changes in personality, and weakened judgment. This progressive disease happens in people who…

Alzheimer’s disease affects more than 15 million individuals worldwide from mild to severe. (Lilienfeld, 2006). It is a progressive and irreversible disease that leads to full dependency on a caretaker due to the decline in cognitive function and ability to perform daily tasks (Richarz, Gaudig, Rettig, & Schauble, 2014). Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia and normally occurs within individuals 60 years of age or older (Lilienfeld, 2006). Every twenty years the number of…

The neurodegenerative diseases, or dementias, are characterized by progressive and irreversible degeneration of the neurons from specific regions of the brain. The pattern of neuronal loss is selective and compromises one or more groups of neurons, without affecting the others. An interesting aspect of these dementias is them arise without any apparent triggering stimulus and in patients with no history of neurological deficits. Alzheimer’s disease is the most prominent of these dementias,…

A range of concentrations (1nM to 30μM) of acetylcholine (Ach) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was administered to organ bath containing rat ileum. Ach and 5-HT induced contractions from 3nM (Fig. 1) and 10nM (Fig. 2) onwards respectively, both generating a shallow slope at the beginning of the concentration-response curve. EC50 of Ach is 7.47 x 10-7M whereas EC50 of 5-HT is 7.97 x 10-7M. The contraction generated by Ach and 5-HT was expressed in % Emax. As shown in Fig. 1 and 2, % Emax…