Acetylcholine

What is a hero? Almost everyone has thought about this once in their life. Everyone has their own definition and criteria of a hero and not everyone meets that person's criteria. When people hear the word hero most of them suddenly think of superman, batman, or the hulk. As we get older we appreciate everyday heroes like firefighters, police officers, army men and maybe a person who does a random act of kindness just because. When I think of the word hero, what comes to my mind is my sister.…

AIM: Sarcopenia has been defined as an involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength and/or function. The presence of sarcopenia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may have prognostic effects and may be mistaken for poor therapeutic control of PD. We aimed to evaluate sarcopenia in patients with PD. METHODS: One hundred non-demented PD patients, and 95 healthy subjects were included in the study. Avarage-Muscle mass, weight, bone mass, fat mass, basal metabolism rate (BMR), body…

Being the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S makes Alzheimer’s a common disease among older adults. Alzheimer’s is a continuous neurological disease that affects an individual’s memory, orientation and judgement. While damage begins to spread throughout the brain many abilities are lost. Cells lose the ability to perform these functions and end up making irreversible changes to the individual’s brain. Since Alzheimer’s is also a form of dementia it worsens over time. Although there are no…

Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exhibits analgesic activity in animal models. The mechanism of action of Ketorolac, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but may be related to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. The biological activity of Ketorolac tromethamine is associated with the S-form. Ketorolac tromethamine possesses no sedative or anxiolytic properties. The peak analgesic effect of Ketorolac tromethamine occurs within 2 to 3…

Alzheimer’s Disease is one of many forms of dementia, and is the most common form (Orimaye 1). What Alzheimer’s Disease does to a person is that they start to have progressive cognitive decline like losing memory and degeneration of reasoning ability (Cai 1). To be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease, a person has to go through extensive neurophysical examinations by using a lot of cognitive tests that have a series of questions and images. There is a maximum score of thirty for the test, and if…

In class, we’ve talked about the myosin when seeing the microfilament. It is the motor protein of microfilament which moves along it tracks toward the positive end. It is also the major component of skeletal muscle thick filaments and thus, is involved in muscle contraction. The disease that is going to discuss is related to muscle contraction, called Myosin Storage Myopathy (also known as hyaline body myopathy). The characteristic or symptom of this disease is the weakness of the muscles that…

Case Study: Hereditary Canine Spinal Muscular Atrophy Genetic Background Hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA) is proven to be an autosomal-dominate disease that affects most noticeably the Brittany spaniel (Pinter MJ, Waldeck RF, Wallace N, & Cork LC, Motor Unit Behavior in Canine Motor Neuron Disease, 1995). HCSMA originated as a spontaneous mutation in the Survivor Motor Neutron gene found in the purebred Brittany spaniel population (Ericsson. A & Rubin. C, 2012). Due to the…

Tone is a normal state of balance in bodily tissue such as muscle and skin. In resting muscles, it is a state of partial contraction of a muscle to a pre-set length that serves to maintain posture, organ function, such as digestion, and reflexes. Generally speaking, a nerve from the spinal cord, spinal nerve, will grow from the spine to a muscle, it splits to form motor neurons, then contacts the muscle fiber at a point called the neuromuscular junction. This formation, in conjunction with…

Muscles work in pairs. one muscle contracts and pulls on the bones to which they are attached, in other word, Tendons which are fibrous connective tissue, muscle are attached to bones by tendons. The muscles contract to allow movement, while the skeletal gives the muscles support. The muscles and bones move together, basically with the muscles contracting the bones. The bone can not move back to its original state until another muscle pulls on it. Muscles work together to produce movement by…

Nociception After the initial insult, peripheral nociceptors are activated by transduction through thin myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated C-fibers to the dorsal root group and into the posterior horn of the spinal cord. The axon bifurcates into two branches with one branch continuing to the CNS, the other innervating peripheral tissues. Action potentials are generated and the nociceptive signals initiate excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P, neuromodulators including…