Acetylcholine

INTRODUCTION: An individual’s level of strength is not only dependent upon on the muscles involved in an action but also the nervous systems ability to activate the appropriate muscles at any one time. It is well known that resistance training can lead to an increase in maximal contractile muscle force (Aagaard et al., 2002) however; this adaptation is not primarily explained by an increase in muscle volume or muscle cross-sectional area but adaptive changes within the nervous system.…

1. Nerve conduction tests of the ulnar, tibial, and peroneal nerves involves testing how well and quickly a nerve can send electrical signals to begin contraction of skeletal muscles. The first step in muscle contraction is excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber by a nerve signal. The nerve signal must be sent to the neuromuscular junction to open the voltage-gated calcium channels. Just like in a muscle fiber, the neuron must reach threshold potential before the action potentials can be…

The mean reflex conduction time for Achilles tendon light tap was 48.1ms, for Achilles tendon medium tap it was 125.25ms, and for Achilles tendon heavy was 167.5ms. The Reflex conduction velocity was calculated to be 28.15m/s for Achilles tendon light tap, 10.74m/s for Achilles tendon medium tap, and 8.02m/s for Achilles tendon heavy tap. According to the literature (Human Physiology An Integrated Approach 6th Ed pg. 339) the Achilles tendon light tap was 28.15m/s which was in the range between…

Alexandra Banales X explains Y The purpose of this experiment was to measure the tension, or force, produced by interacting filaments in a muscle fiber. In order to test this, a subject had three electrode disks located on their forearm. These disks were connected to a computer monitor which traced the EMG records and the Force trace of their muscle contraction. Data was observed while the subject changed their hand movement in different ways including wrist positions such as fully flexed,…

release of other neurotransmitters and hormones that affect your mood, appetite, memory, and more. Nicotine exerts its biological effects through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. When nicotine gets into the brain, it attaches to acetylcholine receptors and mimics the actions of acetylcholine. Accumulating lines of evidence demonstrate that acetylcholine receptors play critical roles in mediating nicotine reward, dependence and addiction. The actions of glutamate are regulated by ion tropic and…

observe a loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) early on in the progression of the disease (Okada et…

Clinically, noradrenaline maintains blood pressure in septic shock, or even shock. b. Acetylcholine can act as a neuromodulator because it is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. According to Khetrapal (Hons), cholinergic signaling of acetylcholine can release glucose, and it can regulate sleep patterns, and other endocrine functions. According to The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, acetylcholine is part of the autonomic nervous stem that widens blood vessels,…

to be sympathomimetic in its action (Burggren & Doyle, 1986). These findings are synonymous with the results obtained in the second recording (figure 6) where a combination of atropine and acetylcholine was introduced to the heart. The heart rate increased as a result of the inhibited effects of acetylcholine by…

Type II autoimmune disorder in which antibodies form against various types of receptors, kinases, or proteins (1). There are four subtypes of myasthenia gravis, with the most prevalent subtype being due to autoantibodies against the muscle-type acetylcholine receptor, AChR, at the neuromuscular junction (2; 3). The second subtype involves antibodies against the muscle-specific kinase, MuSK, and the third type is due to autoantibodies against the agrin-receptor low-density lipoprotein…

eight distinct exotoxins (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G), according to the US National Library of Medicine (2010). Botulinim toxin interfere with neural transmission by blocking the release of acetylcholine in the body, which is the necessary neurotransmitter for neuromuscular junction. Blocking of acetylcholine results ultimately in paralysis of the muscles. The weakness induced by injection with botulinum toxin, usually lasts about three months(Nigam, 2010). Injections of botulinum…