Vesicle

They travel up in front of the urinary bladder, over the top, and the back down the posterior side of the bladder to empty into the urethra. Seminal vesicles= the two seminal vesicles are small glands located at the base of the urinary bladder. These vesicles are connected to the vas deferens just before it empties into the urethra. The seminal vesicles secrete a glucose- rich fluid that nourishes the sperm. This liquid, along with the sperm, constitutes semen, the fluid that is eventually…

Plasticity in the context of neural development, also known as cortical remapping refers to the brain’s ability to change and adapt as a result of experience and environmental influences from birth to death: Build new neural connections as a result of learning experience (an adult learning a new language), memory formation, or as a result of damage to the brain. The human brain contains 100 billion of neurons that are functionally linked to each other and serve as functional building blocks of…

I. The most basic unit of life is the cell. All living things are composed of cells. Cells may only from through a process of division and replication of previously existing cells. Cells are microscopic; however their structure is complex. All types of cells possess a plasma membrane which separates its contents from its surroundings. . There are two types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. a. Prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells. Within prokaryotic cells are bacteria cells…

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), more commonly known as ecstasy, has become a popular recreational drug for adolescents participating in “raves”. Taken as a tablet, MDMA indirectly increases the concentration of serotonin in the central nervous system through the inhibition of monoamine transporters, vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Although, MDMA also increases the amount of dopamine and noradrenaline, the excessive release of serotonin is the…

In 1956, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration first approved the use of Ritalin as an oral tablet with the active ingredient as methylphenidate hydrochloride. At first, Ritalin was mainly prescribed for use to treat chronic fatigue, depression, narcolepsy, and to offset the sedating effects of other medications. During the 1960s researchers focused on Ritalin as a form treatment of "hyperkinetic syndrome," which in now commonly known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the…

The toxin was first discovered in 1735 Europe as it caused a fatal disease of the nervous system. Its cause was suspected to be connected to German Sausages. This is originally where its name came from, as due to these suspicions the toxin was named “botulus” – the Latin for sausage. Since then we know that Botulinum Toxin is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by rod-shaped spore-forming anaerobic bacterium called Clostridium bacterium. The bacterium require special conditions to reproduce;…

signal further, and attracts the protein AKT, which is phosphorylated by the proteins mTOR and PDK1. • GLUT-4 vesicle is held in a recycling state near the cell membrane until the protein that moves it becomes activated. • Fully activated AKT reaches GLUT-4 vesicles, which then activates the protein, which moves GLUT-4 vesicles to the cell membrane. • In the final step, many GLUT-4 vesicles get embedded in the cell membrane, which then merge and deposit large number of glucose transporters,…

Sydney Holst When certain chemicals interact with a neuron, they alter the balance of ions inside and outside the cell. If this change reaches threshold, it sends a signal down the neuron’s membrane to the axon. At the axon, the neuron fires the signal to a neighboring neuron, and the process repeats. Once the electrical potential of Neuron A (presynaptic neuron) reaches -60mV the sodium and potassium channels in the neuron open at the beginning of the axon. The influx of positive sodium ions…

Discuss the role of acetylcholine on neuromuscular function. Acetylcholine helps muscles move and that allows the body to support itself by the skeletal system. Acetylcholine is made in the cell by acetyl-CoA and then stored in the vesicles. The vesicles is then released into the synaptic cleft and acetylcholine binds to the receptors producing a response. Once that happen, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme breaks down acetylcholine and the choline is recycled back into the presynaptic neuron…

Neurons communicate over long distances using action potentials. Action potentials occur as a result of rapid changes in membrane permeability. Resting membrane potential of a cell is approximately -70 millivolts. Large anions trapped inside the cell, negatively charged proteins, as well as a higher concentration of positively charged ions outside than inside are some of the factors that contribute to the initial negative charge within the cell at resting value. Ion concentration gradients as…