Vesicle

suggest that the emergence of dopaminergic systems most likely predates the divergence of chordates during evolution, and the neurotransmitter’s common ancestry is suggested by commonalities among different species that express the same enzymes, vesicle transporters, degradation enzymes, and receptors. Since dopamine is a precursor for both noradrenaline and adrenaline, the evolution of dopaminergic systems would have lead to leaps and bounds in the development of the central nervous system.…

internal jugular veins as well. As the external jugular veins descend through the lateral neck, they pass obliquely over the sternocleidomastoid muscles and then empty into the subclavian veins. The brachiocephalic vein a vein that returns oxygen-depleted blood from the upper limbs, neck, and head to the heart. There is a brachiocephalic vein on the left side of the neck and one on the right. The two brachiocephalic veins merge together with the azygos vein, which carries deoxygenated blood from…

catalysed by the transmembrane protein, adenylate cyclase, initiated by the release of GTP-bound α subunit. This increases the cytosolic levels of cAMP which then activates protein kinase A. This successively phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase b stored in the cell, as phosphorylase kinase is initiated. Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase b converts to phosphorylase a. This enzyme releases glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. After this the phosphate group is moved from the C-1…

have search upon ways to minimize the effects of heavy anti-cancer drugs especially with it being the skin such a big target area. Microscopic vesicle like particles called nano-carriers have also been a source of experimentation. Scientist intended to inject anti-cancer drugs into a vesicle that will target a specific cell. The experiment shows that the vesicles like structures were an effective option to treat skin melanomas. In addition to this other scientist such as the already mentioned…

Out of my rear view mirror I see a relatively small vesicle moving towards our craft. Without notice, it attacks our craft. I manage to steer clear of the attacking organelle; however our craft has sustained some damage. I send a SOS call to captain Xerox. “Captain Xerox speaking. Your craft has been attacked by a lysosome. Lysosomes are small specialised vesicles that hold a variety of enzymes. Their role is to digest particular molecules that enter the cell…

synaptic knob, motor end plate, and the synaptic cleft are all key parts of the neuromuscular junction. The synaptic knob of an axon connects with a skeletal muscle fiber to form the neuromuscular junction. The synaptic knob has numerous synaptic vesicles that are filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The synaptic knob also contains calcium pumps and voltage-gated calcium channels. The calcium pumps within the synaptic…

have a cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, flagella, cilia, nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastid, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, and a vesicle. Everyday items can represent many of the organelles. One example of this is by looking at a house. In a house you have a fence. The fence in your house would represent a cell membrane in the house. The cell membrane is the outer covering made…

Sensation and perception work together to help the brain make sense of the world we see. There cells, called sensory receptors, are the ones that send stimulus to the brain through afferent nerves, which are responsible for carrying information to the brain and spinal cord. This process is called the bottom-up processing, and it means that the information is being sent to the brain for interpretation. Then there is top-down processing, which works opposite of bottom-up processing. To make sense…

The testes contain seminiferous tubules, composed of several hundred tightly coiled tubules lined with germs cells. These tubules serve as the site of sperm production. Inside of these tubules spermatogonia progress to spermatocytes, then spermatids, and finally sperm. Also inside, sustentacular cells serve as a means of support. These cells control the environment by removing wastes, providing nutrients, and providing antibody protection as well as regulating sperm production. Interstitial…

by measuring the zeta potential (ZP) of the preparations. For this purpose the samples were diluted to appropriate concentration. The ZP characterizes the surface charge of dispersed phase and thus gives information about repulsive forces between vesicles and droplets. Absolute higher values than 30mV usually indicate good stability of the system. Also the size and ZP values were measured with time over 5 weeks during storage at room…