Vesicle

a neuromuscular junction. The neural and muscular sides of the NMJ have different roles to play. The motor neuron’s axon terminal, along which nerve impulses travel, ends in a series of synaptic end bulbs, full of synaptic vesicles, floating in cytosol. Within these vesicles are the precious messengers, molecules of the neurotransmittor, acetycholine (ACh). Across the synaptic cleft, we find the motor…

The chronic inflammation is slow onset reaction which needs days to start. However, once it is started, it is a long duration reaction and is associated with more tissue destruction. The reaction needs lymphocytes and macrophages, and the proliferation of blood vessels and the deposition of connective tissue are also existed in the response. What is more, it is lack of local and systemic signs and is always severe and progressive, and may causes tissue injury and fibrosis. While the acute…

The purpose of synapses is to pass chemical signals to one neurons to another one. Synapse is defined as a "where a presynaptic terminal ends in close proximity to a receiving dendrite (NIDA. 1996. 43)." The brain is an organ that controls different functions of the body. Neurons controls body functions, behaviors, and emotions but exactly how do neurons do this? First, let's define neuron. "A neuron is a specialized cell that can produce different actions because of its precise connections with…

vas deferens joins up with the seminal vesicle at a duct called the ejaculatory duct. At this point, I sure am getting tired moving through that muscular vas deferens. I get lucky, and the seminal vesicle gland adds fluid to that ejaculatory duct so that now I am all mixed with seminal fluid. Next, I am on my way to the prostate gland. Here, those glands throw more fluid at me, and the next thing I know, I’m in the urethra. The fluid from the seminal vesicle and the prostate gland feeds me with…

In molecular biology, individuals use different techniques to obtain data for their research. These methods include His and GFP tagging which play an important role in experimental studies. His tagging is widely used for purifying and detecting large amounts of targeted proteins (Kaplow et al., 2009). GFP tagging can aid in the analysis of protein geography, movement and chemistry in a living cell (Lippincott-Schwartz and Patterson, 2003). A His-tag is a sequence of approximately six histidine…

Methylphenidate, commonly known as Ritalin, is a commonly prescribed central nervous system stimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Medical use of methylphenidate began in 1960 and an estimated 2.4 billion doses are prescribed a year. Methylphenidate is thought to act through the inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine transporters in neurons, especially those of dopaminergic pathways of the brain. The dopaminergic pathways of the brain are…

There are four chambers located within the heart with an upper and lower chamber. The upper chambers consist of the left and right atria, and the lower chambers consist of the left and right vesicles. The left and right vesicle and the left and right atrium are separated by a wall of muscle known as the septum. The strongest and largest chamber in your heart is the left ventricle. They have enough force to push blood blood through the aortic valve and through…

1.5 Drugs targeting the Rab prenylation pathway 1.5.1 Prenylation pathway Prenylation of Rab proteins is the essential lipid modification step that begins the membrane trafficking cycle. It is a crucial post-translational modification that allows the stable attachment of Rab proteins to the membrane by increasing hydrophobicity to be able to insert into the lipid bilayer (Maltese, Wilson and Erdman, 1996). As depicted in Figure 7, the Rab cycle starts with a Rab protein that is GDP bound, in…

Pax6 is vital for proper eye development Eyes are essential organs for processing and interpreting sensory information in the environment, making them crucial features for many organisms to survive. The eye serves many functions, most of which are associated with a specific structure of this organ. For example, the lens, cornea, and iris are necessary for the optic capabilities of the eye. Light sensing is performed by photoreceptors located in the retinal pigmented epithelium. Transmission by…

with symptoms of erythema, local pain, pruritus, or edema. Atopic dermatitis was added to the list of differentials because the skin symptoms that can be seen with this condition are acute findings of intensely pruritic erythematous papules and vesicles associated with extensive excoriations,…