Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

contaminated either by triatomine feces or by secretions of infected mammals. Acute myocarditis, heart failure, meningoencephalitis, and prolonged fever are caused by oral infection. Due to this 30 %, mortality can occur. Human migration is a potential factor that increases the risk of CD from endemic to non-endemic countries. CD has become a global concern. Prevalence of CD is more in migrants than that of blood donors. There is a need of high-quality epidemiological studies to estimates…

Mrs. White’s COPD is triggered mainly by her history of cigarette smoking. The noxious substances in cigarette smoke initiate the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNF-a) and release of inflammatory mediators by macrophages and epithelial cells. In fact, the activated cells in COPD inflammation secrete a number of mediators. These include a variety of active proteinases, toxic peptides, and oxidants which damage lung structures and sustain inflammatory processes (_____). The resulting…

(Kintzel, 2001). Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) , a platinum-based drug, is one of the most frequently used anti-neoplastic agents. It has a potent anti-tumor action against wide range of malignancies, including testicular, ovarian, cervical, bladder and lung cancers as well as solid tumors resistant to other treatment regimens (Hanigan and Devarajan, 2003). The kidney is not only responsible for the excretion of cisplatin, but is also the primary site of its…

continuing to the CNS, the other innervating peripheral tissues. Action potentials are generated and the nociceptive signals initiate excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P, neuromodulators including brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These bind with afferent nerves which activate corresponding receptors on the postsynaptic nerve terminals (Fishman et al., p. 29). Superficial lamina (laminae I and II) and deep laminae (lamina V and VI) receive primary afferent fibers in…

documented in patients with blunt trauma.[] [] Indeed, with the electrocardiogram and CK-MB as screening tests, the detection of myocardial contusion has increased from the detection of myocardial contusion has increased from 7 to 17 percent in patients with blunt chest trauma. However, false-positive elevations of the CK-MB isoenzyme can also be seen if the total CK is greater than 20,000 unites; this can occur after massive body injury.[][] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Categorization of…

The innate responses induce many proinflammatory factors which serve as an antiviral immune such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma (3). Latent Infection of Epstein-Barr virus induces secretion of several inflammatory factors, meanwhile lytic infections avoid the antiviral inflammatory response. Furthermore, it has been proposed that lytic proteins of herpesviruses a key role in…

bronchial tree and microbial colonization.The microbial infection causes chronic inflammation, resulting in tissue damage and impaired mucociliary motility. This then leads to more infection, with a cycle of progressive inflammation, causing lung damage. Factors required for the development of this condition are persistent infection and a defect in host defences. The three most important mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis are infection, airway…

Leaky gut ALD is preceded by leaky gut, which is both directly and indirectly caused by alcohol consumption. Alcohol is fermented in the gut and produces acetaldehyde, which disrupts the tight junctions that hold the intestinal cells together (Llorente and Schnabl 2015). In addition to this, alcohol causes leaky gut by inducing inflammation (Chart 1). Alcohol and bacteria “cooperate” to cause inflammation of the bowel and the liver that causes the gut to become more permeable. Wang et al.,…

2.2 Effect of Pranayama on the Human Body Pranayama is a breathing exercise performed in yoga. There are various types of pranayama differing in frequency, rhythm, intensity and flow of breathing. One form of pranayama is alternate nose breathing. In this type of pranayama the practitioner blocks one nostril and breathes in. Switching nostrils, the practitioner breathes out from the other nostril. This process is cycled through. One such study evaluating the effects of alternate nose…

fatigue, and liver damage. Biologics can be prescribed almost as a “last resort” medication due to the hefty price tag and the nature of the drug. Biologics help slow the progression of the disease and joint damage. These medications include tumor necrosis factor- alpha inhibitors and T cell inhibitors. The biologics are usually taken through injections or through IV infusions. Common side effects of biologics include increased risk of infection, flu like symptoms, reaction to site were the…