CD can be transmitted orally by consuming drinks that are made with vegetables or fruits and are contaminated either by triatomine feces or by secretions of infected mammals.
Acute myocarditis, heart failure, meningoencephalitis, and prolonged fever are caused by oral infection.
Due to this 30 %, mortality can occur.
Human migration is a potential factor that increases the risk of CD from endemic to non-endemic countries.
CD has become a global concern.
Prevalence of CD is more in migrants than that of blood donors.
There is a need of high-quality epidemiological studies to estimates prevalence of disease.
They concluded that enhance surveillance and reporting are needed for control efforts.
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This is done by modulating cytokine production or action.
In order to study myocardial inflammation, there is a need to paid attention to understand the molecular mechanism of inflammatory response.
Particularly the role of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) should be studied in detail.
Benznidazole is a drug mostly recommended for treatment of CD.
However, efforts are ongoing to study combine effect of Posaconazole and Benznidazole to develop better treatment.
The result shows that monotherapy of Benznidazole is better than mixed therapy with Posaconazole.
Chagas disease is an infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
Clinical manifestation of CD includes the indeterminate, cardiac, digestive, and mixed form.
The genetic variability of parasite and host with polymorphism of gene is related to pathogenesis and my result in the form of immune response
Chemokines and cytokines play important role in regulation of immune response.
The CC Chemokine Receptor 5(CCCR5) is involved in the migration of leukocytes to inflammation site during an immune