Thymus

Patients with myasthenia gravis frequently have abnormalities of the thymus gland such as thymoma (thymus tumor). This may be a possible source of antibody formation as symptoms of myasthenia gravis frequently resolve after thymectomy (thymus removal surgery). How common is myasthenia gravis? Myasthenia gravis is a relatively uncommon disorder, but is the most common form of neuromuscular disease. The…

‘natural’ Treg (nTreg) cells and ‘induced’ Treg (iTreg) cells. nTreg cells are another term for CD4+ regulatory T cells and are characterized by their development in the thymus and exportation to maintain self-tolerance. This means that they are able to recognize self-peptides with low enough affinity not to be killed in the thymus during development. These cells were determined to be anergic when derived from…

growth retardation, and high mortalities. The packed cell volumes measured were markedly reduced (average PCV was between 17% and 22%). Necropsy findings of the sampled chickens revealed watery blood, yellow fatty bone marrow, markedly atrophied thymus glands, atrophied bursa of Fabricius, and enlarged livers and spleens. The clinical signs, postmortem lesions, and PCV values agreed with the findings of (Yuasa et al., 1979, Taniguchi et al., 1982 & 1983, Aly 2001) and (Pope 1991, Ramadan et al.…

1. The three main patterns of hormone secretion are humoral, hormonal, and neural. These hormone secretions are responsible for managing different hormones. Below is a description of each stimulus. • The humoral stimuli are responsible for managing the changes of the blood levels with non-hormone chemicals. For example, if the body was experiencing high levels of glucose, the humoral stimuli would trigger a hormone release from the pancreas known as insulin. Insulin’s job would be to bring the…

The lymphatic system is a serious of ducts, nodes, nodules and lymph vessels among other structures and components that teams up to fight off bacteria and foreign substances that enter the body. The system is part of the immune system and it relies on various types white blood cells called lymphocytes that fight off bacteria, reduce inflammation, and respond to allergic reactions. The white blood cells are produced in the marrow of the bones beginning as stem cells. The stem cells…

organs that work together to defend the body. According to livescience.com, the immune system is the second most complex system that the body has, aside from the nervous system. The anatomy consists of the lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow, the thymus and white blood cells. All of these cells and organs work together to form the immune system that protects our body even though they all have different functions.The lymph nodes are pea shaped organs that produce and store cells that fight off…

Posterior vena cava: The Posterior vena cava is found in the lower body below the heart and extending to the heart. It is much smaller than the anterior vena cava. This vein brings nonoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium. The posterior vena cava is part of the circulatory system. Heart: The heart is a thick muscle located near the center of the chest between the lungs. It looks like a quenched fist, pinkish in color and is surrounded by the pericardium. Its…

body that make up the lymphatic system, and each play an important role. The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The organs involved are the thymus, spleen, tonsils, and the appendix. The thymus gland develops the immune system, while the spleen is lymphoid tissue. The tonsils produce lymphocytes, a kind of white blood cell. The main function…

drug therapies used for severe myasthenia gravis or crisis (Behan & Chaudri 2008). Patients can be a candidate for surgery. The presence of the thymus appears to enhance the myasthenia gravis. Thymoma is found in 15% of patients with mysasthenia gravis and 32% in patients with myasthenic crisis (Behan & Chaudri 2008). Thus removing the thymus gland, especially if a thymoma is present, will produce improved results for a majority of patients (Behan & Chaudri 2008). If the…

It is estimated that up to 80% of acetylcholine receptors may be destroyed by this disease. It is believed that the thymus gland causes the body to develop immune cells, and causes the production or maintains the production of antibodies that block the acetylcholine receptors. Therefore, causing the immune system to attack its own cells, tissues and specifically the acetylcholine…