Spinal nerve

like a cushion, dulling the force. Cerebrospinal fluid is one part of the extracellular of the central nervous system and it is a clear, transparent, bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around the brain and spinal cord. The Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by choroid plex, which is a structure in the ventricles of the brain. The viscosity of the Cerebrospinal fluid is similar to the blood plasma. It produces approximately 500 ml each day and provides a…

Introduction Spinal stenosis is a condition which involves the narrowing of the vertebral column, either in the spinal canal, intervertebral foramina, or the intervertebral spaces. The condition is degenerative and widespread, affecting approximately five in every one thousand people (Hsiang, 2015). This report aims to describe the anatomy of the vertebral column and spinal cord, relating changes in anatomy to the development and presentation of spinal stenosis. Within this discussion, the…

pronounced stellate morphology (Lee et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2000; Messing and Brenner, 2003). Both beneficial and detrimental elements of astrogliosis have been described. In spinal cord injury (SCI), the stellate processes of astrocytes interdigitate to form a dense plexus that creates a physical and molecular barrier to nerve regeneration (Fitch and Silver, 2008; Ridet et al., 1997). Chronic demyelinated plaques in multiple sclerosis are also characterized by a dense network of larger than…

is known by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration. As the upper motor neurons deteriorate, the cells “suffer from a retrograde axonal loss with secondary myelin pallor and gliosis”. While these changes are more severe at the brainstem and upper spinal cord, they…

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, more formally known as ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neurodegenerative disease, causing the selective degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, as well as those in the motor cortex portion of the brain, which ultimately leads to the limited to complete loss of all voluntary muscle function. Now while the main pathology of ALS is the selective death of the previously mentioned motor neurons, more recent studies have suggested that the homeostatic…

In this example, the nerve receptors in the periphery, located in the arm and shoulder region, provide continuous information (feedback) to the CNS regarding the amount of resistance encountered, limb position, pressure sensed on the palms of the hands, and so on. This communication between central and peripheral nervous systems, utilizing the motor and sensory nerve pathways, is essential for us to learn, modify, and successfully perform both…

tend to get ALS are older, between the age of 40-70, and after being diagnosed they live about 2-5 years. After diagnosed people’s joints become weaker, start having respiratory problems, speech pattern problems, and toxic protein travels from the spinal cord to the brain.Many National Football League(NFL) players are diagnosed with ALS, some start foundations to help out others in need. O.J. Brigance, retired NFL player, was diagnosed with ALS; he started a foundation called Brigance Brigade,…

The defining characteristic of ALS is the death of the upper and lower motor neurons in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord of the brain. Prior to their destruction, motor neurons develop protein components in their cellular bodies and axons. These components are often combined with and combining one of the proteins associated with ALS: SOD1, TDP-43, or FUS. These…

Synovial cysts arising from the intraspinal facet joint can directly cause thecal sac or nerve root compression. They are increasingly cited as a major source of spinal instability and mechanical back pain. In this case, we report a 51-year-old woman who has been treated conservatively for a unilateral synovial cyst for 15 months. She then presented with an acute exacerbation of lower back pain, neurogenic claudication and lower extremity weakness. Her magnetic resonance (MR) studies showed new…

year around 12,000 people sustain spinal cord injuries. Most of these occur in car accidents, sports, falls, and industrial mishaps. Around 60% of these injuries occur in men younger than thirty. As of this time period, there are no guarantees for treatment or a cure for this injury, but there is hope, there are experimental drugs and treatment but they don’t always work (www.shepard.org/patient-programs/spinal-cord-injury/about). Returning to daily life with a spinal injury is a major struggle…